tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59518578515276246402024-03-08T07:18:47.591-08:00Essay about college studentsPoetry Argumentative Essay Topicsisabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-72600912630578956002020-08-27T06:46:00.001-07:002020-08-27T06:46:05.671-07:00Vidal Business Strategy OverconfidenceVidal Business Strategy Overconfidence Presentation During the yearly marketable strategy meeting with respect to the shower gel brand Vidal, it was chosen for 2017 to decay the 1+1 promotion amounts with an end goal to accomplish better productivity versus a year ago. From the contentions that were introduced, I accept that the group has overestimated the likelihood for the last situation to occur, since the choice may has been affected by presumptuousness. The point of this report is a) to introduce contentions that legitimize the last mentioned, b) to distinguish the wellspring of this inclination and c) to suggest de-predisposition procedures that will be demonstrated valuable additionally for what's to come. The case Vidal, in a brief timeframe turned into the third player into the section, with a nonstop development. A year ago it picked up +3.5 focuses as far as piece of the overall industry and a +30% expansion in esteem deals. Directors pointed that the key drivers of accomplishment were: a) the extraordinary incentive for cash item b) the most noteworthy pace of 1+1 promotion power c) the speculation on dispersion and customary publicizing. The group presumed that the target to infiltrate the market was finished and there is a chance to accomplish better gainfulness and ROI toward the finish of 2017. This could occur by a 20-25% decrease in 1+1 promotion amounts. Following this methodology, directors evaluated that they can hold at any rate a years ago worth deals, which in blend with the lower cost of selling products will improve the brands productivity. The best partner that will bolster the last is items greatness and buyer devotion. All the more explicitly, they thought about that the mix of items low value (2ndlowest) and quality is interesting to such an extent, that by diminishing the 1+1 promotion, shoppers will be coordinated towards the ordinary item. In addition, after the conveyance extension the group assessed that the items predominance versus rivalry will pull in new buyers. I feel that the two situations are arrogant and their probabilities ought to be reconsidered for the accompanying reasons. At first, the discoveries of a subjective exploration demonstrated that Vidal is an incentive for cash item, yet at the same time needs terms of bundling. Most buyers considered the bundling as antiquated and associated it with Private Label. Also, they showed some pragmatic issues during the utilization which are skilled to control the two clients experience and perceptional quality. From a quantitative viewpoint, it was seen that 55% of Vidals incomes were created from the 1+1 amounts though the customary item introduced a sharp increment in 3 out of 5 changes, mostly on account of conveyance development and not from picking up buyers from different players. Private Labels are pioneers into the portion while in 2016 introduced a considerable development. From the information report, I saw that the subsequent player had around - 40% lower cost during certain periods that are not upheld from their 1+1 promotion wave. From the last I speculate that they may put resources into value decreases so as to oblige PLs development since they are increasingly costly. As a result I might want to underline that: Private names are developing fundamentally in a value delicate section. Possibly by lessening 1+1 amounts we may push our customers towards them, since we are exceptionally associated and increasingly costly. Palmolive may has understood the danger of PL and might has adjusted its technique by offering value decreases. The activity to lessen our venture under these conditions may likewise outpouring customers towards them. I believe that the group has overestimated the normal items upper hand contrasted and rivalry and belittled the significance of 1+1 promotion. I accept that the wellspring of this predisposition is created by the groups inspiration to improve benefits since its a key exhibition pointer for both the companys and chiefs development. During this exertion chiefs realized that isn't achievable to build interest so as to support deals and thus they considered a cost decrease methodology. The underlying input about the generally excellent outcomes may helped their certainty, while the way that the brand has encountered just victories may obliged them to think about elective situations. So as to improve the dynamic procedure I might want to suggest a few methods of diminishing arrogance. The first is connected about the significance of counter-argumentation. This implies directors when taking a choice ought to consider reasons why this choice may turns out badly. On the off chance that the last is troublesome, at that point they could ask from untouchables to communicate their sentiment. For instance for our situation before endorsing the choice all the colleagues is prescribed to list various reasons why the 1+1 decrease couldn't prompt expanded productivity. In the event that that nobody could consider any explanation at that point, the Sales power ought to give some contribution, since they have phenomenal feeling of the market and its elements. Furthermore, I would show the significance of criticism. The organization is working since 1970 while is comprised structure experienced and new individuals. It is an extraordinary chance to abuse the companys information by making a contextual analysis library that will have all the companys past victories and disappointments. When a year we could arrange the Sarantis-Training-Academy, in which administrators will be doled out with cases, and they will be approached to give their contribution to every system by allocating probabilities about their supported speculation. Subsequently, they will be educated about the genuine result and directors will know whether they are careless or not. At last starting now and into the foreseeable future, I suggest that the Brand supervisor ought to be responsible for each choice. After each field-tested strategy meeting he will be capable to introduce the recommendations on the top managerial staff. The way that he should introduce the plans to seniors and experienced individuals may assist him with enhancing both self and gathering analysis and decreasing presumptuousness. End The promoting group may has overestimated the likelihood of their situation with respect to the brands methodology of 2017, though this time has ignored additionally the standardizing approach. The brilliant dispatch in blend with the way that Vidal has encountered just triumphs may supported the degree of certainty. So as to improve the choice procedure this report has proposed 3 debias methods (criticism, consider-the inverse and responsibility) that as indicated by the conduct research appear to wipe out carelessness. Part B Presentation Pomposity may be demonstrated an injurious component for the dynamic procedure since it doesn't just brings out individuals to overestimate their probabilities about the supported situation however it likewise can cause cataclysmic outcomes. For instance, in an investigation that analyzed the impact of pomposity on newsvendors conjectures, demonstrated that the higher the arrogance the quicker the benefit misfortune (Crosson and Ren, 2009), while these days carelessness is by all accounts a key driver for some, fire up disappointments. This report depends on past investigations, and expects to underline the makes that activated carelessness the Vidals advertising group while in equal is centering to give a progression of debiasing methods with an end goal to dispose of its impact. Arrogance and Success In Vidals case I feel that the fruitful dispatch among with the wide acknowledgment of the groups endeavors, may have helped their degree of certainty. This connection among progress and pomposity has part of similitudes with the instance of Ducati. All the more explicitly, in 2003 Ducati entered the bike hustling circuit MotoGP without having elevated requirements. During this exertion, the group was concentrating on information investigation and was gathering ceaseless criticism from the drivers for its improvement. Toward the finish of the primary year, Ducati outperformed each desire and assembled the second spot, though for one year from now the group focused on the first spot. This time the separated point was that the group quit looking profoundly into the information and accepting criticism. They thought about that now their experience was sufficient so as to make a far superior motorbike. When a colleague demonstrated you investigate the information to comprehend whats turning out badly and not why you are performing admirably. The following year Ducati didn't secured desires and performed surprisingly more dreadful than the earlier year. (Gino and Pisano,2011). Thus, as on Ducatis case, it is surprising how the Vidals advertising group after its effective dispatch didnt look profoundly into the information, since so far it was a key standard earlier making any move. Moreover, the group appeared to be presumptuous about their expectations as well as about the items qualities and execution. There are discoveries which show that achievement can motivate pomposity. For instance in an ongoing report, Hilary and Menzly (2016) found that examiners turning out to be pompous when they accomplish exact conjectures as they will in general depend more on private data and to disregard markets response. As an outcome they perform less exact forecasts later on. Also, when a broker accomplishes fruitful exhibition he gets careless as he will in general modify his perceptional aptitudes higher than the normal. The last leads him not to utilize significant data despite the fact that he may has a decent database (Gervais and Odean, 2001). Walter and Ferrier (2004) expressed likewise that achievement could create pomposity while it makes chiefs narrow minded on new possibilities. Since, achievement rouses arrogance, it is significant for administrators to inspect and comprehend the reasons for progress (Gino and Pisano,2011). Definition and Sources of Overconfidence Plous (1993,p.217) expressed that no judgment choice is more pervasive and more disastrous than arrogance. So as to help this basis in his book are a few instances of the negative outcomes of presumptuousness. One isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-89632522711919208252020-08-22T11:00:00.001-07:002020-08-22T11:00:26.798-07:00Force generated by a muscle EssaysPower produced by a muscle Essays Power produced by a muscle Essay Power produced by a muscle Essay Assess Force-Angle Relationships using EMG and Force Measurements Q1. From the single normal informations [ table 1 ] we got by normalization ( As % of Maximum using as cleanser esteems: FORCEmax=117.2 N, EMGmax=306.8 millivolt ) the balanced single informations [ table 2 ] . Q2. Electromyography is the procedure for entering changes in the electrical intensity of a musculus when it is caused to shrink by an engine nervus ask ( Barlett, R.1997 ; 228 ) The EMG signal profile and in actuality the EMG is the electrical sign profile distinguished by a cathode on a musculus. At the end of the day is the progression of the activity power of the external muscle-fiber film ( the sarcolemma ) . [ 3 ] : Power produced by a musculus is dictated by two boss factors: the figure of engine units ( MUs ) effectively invigorated at a similar clasp and the frequence ( terminating rate ) at which the MUs are terminating. Other than the abundancy of the EMG signal relies upon both the figure of dynamic MUs and their fire rates. Since both EMG plentifulness and power expansion as an impact of similar instruments, it is normal that musculus power can be evaluated from surface EMG examination. This is non rather obvious yet only in isometric withdrawals, where musculus electrical action and musculus power have a similarly added substance relationship. [ 3 ] This is the main ground why EMG is the strategy for pick for power examination. Q3. Utilizing Normalized EMG and Joint Angle data from [ table 2 ] , the mentioned chart is appeared underneath [ diagram 2 ] Assess Force-Angle Relationships using EMG and Force Measurements Q4. From the line informations for the entire gathering we ascertain the normal standardized qualities as in [ table 3 ] . Utilizing informations for Max isometric power and EMG from [ table 3 ] , the mentioned diagram is chart 3 underneath. Q5. Assess Force-Angle Relationships using EMG and Force Measurements Assess Force-Angle Relationships using EMG and Force Measurements Q6. Utilizing the free-body graph ( fig. 1 ) at a conventional edge? we sketch the powers proceeding onward the lower arm during flexure against a known resistance. These powers are the resistance R, the mass of the lower arm G, the endeavor E of the musculus and the joint response power Fj. The joint response compel as go throughing from the focal point of rotating movement has no part to the moment at the joint and thusly is disregarded. Accepting latent harmony at each point, the measure of minutes proceeding onward the lower arm at the cubitus peers zero: SMj = 0 Mj = ME MR MG [ 1 ] MR = R Lf mischievousness? [ 2 ] , where Lf is the length of the lower arm. MG = medium recurrence g LCM mischievousness? [ 3 ] , where LCM is the separation of the lower arm s focus of mass from the joint and medium recurrence is the mass of the lower arm and manus. ME = E? LE where E? is the rotational constituent of the endeavor E. ME = E LE sinf [ 4 ] , where degree Fahrenheit is the edge between the long pivot of the lower arm and the line of utilization of the endeavor power and LE is the endeavor arm ( typical separation between the purpose of introduction of the musculus on lower arm and the joint ) . Subbing the different minutes [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] in condition [ 1 ] we acquire, using the shows of the imprints: Mj = E LE sinf Roentgen Lf devilishness? medium recurrence g LCM fiendishness? [ 5 ] To figure the Torque using condition [ 5 ] we should cognize Lf, LE, LCM, degree Fahrenheit, medium recurrence ( R, E and? known, g = 9.81 ms-2 ) . Condition [ 5 ] figures the torsion using latent balance at each edge and assuming that the length of the musculus stay unchanging as joint point changes, which is non valid. For an increasingly precise calculation we other than need to cognize the connection between constriction power and obliged musculus length. Assess Force-Angle Relationships using EMG and Force Measurements Q7. Normalization is the numerical look of the sufficiency of the EMG signal as a proportion to the plentifulness of a constriction esteemed to be maximal ( top EMG from an isometric maximal deliberate compression ( MVC ) of a similar musculus ) . EMG signal has an unpredictable nature and the record that just the figure of dynamic engine units and their fire rates can affect it is semplicistic. In world anatomical, physiological and capable components have impact on the electromyographical signal. In a reappraisal of such factors ( De Luca, 1997 ) assembled them as causative, moderate and deterministic. A portion of these variables are: musculus fiber width, figure of musculus filaments, terminal skin interface, signal molding, figure of dynamic engine units, tissue entirety, good ways from skin surface to muscle fiber, musculus fiber conductivity speed, musculus blood stream, basic cathode separating, fiber type and area, engine unit terminating rate. [ 2 ] As a result of the above variables furthermore for grounds of direct contrasting of EMG signals recorded and flags from a similar musculus on various events or from various musculuss and various people we use standardized EMG flags rather than total qualities. Notices Barlett, R. ( 1997 ) Introduction to Sports Biomechanics, Taylor A ; Francis e-Library, 2002. Carl J. Payton, Biomechanical Evaluation of Movement in Sport and Exercise, Taylor A ; Francis e-Library, 2007. Hamill, Joseph ; Knutzen, Kathleen M. , Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement, third Ed, Lippincot A ; Wilkins, 2009. isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-11754367134464906752020-08-21T08:42:00.001-07:002020-08-21T08:42:20.185-07:00Blog Archive Friday Factoid Sloans Charity Auctions Blog Archive Friday Factoid Sloans Charity Auctions Twice a year, in the fall and in the spring, MIT Sloan students organize charity auctions. Each âoceanâ (the 60-person cohort with which students take their first-semester core classes) selects a charity to support and identifies items to be auctioned, from lunch with a professor to a home-cooked meal by a student to more unusual offerings, like having a professor chauffeur you to class in his classic car. First-year oceans compete to see which one can raise the most money, and second-year students organize a similar auction. All together, the auctions raise close to $100K per year for such charities as the California Wildfires Fund and Children of Uganda. The 2008 beneficiary of the auctions was the Friday Night Supper Program (FNSP), a Cambridge-area nonprofit organization that serves free meals to approximately 200 guests every Friday, which received over $8K. In 2009, the oceans raised between $4K and $16K each for such charities as Community Water Solution, the Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure, The Wellness Community of Greater Boston, and St. Judeâs Childrenâs Hospital. Items up for bid included shaving a classmateâs moustache; access to a classmateâs beach house in Brazil, another in the Dominican Republic and another in the Cayman Islands; three female classmates coming to class dressed in Hooters costumes; an afternoon with an interior decorator redoing your apartment; and a VIP package at a local pub. As you submit your application to Sloan, you may want to also consider what you can offer up for the auction and start preparing your bids! Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Sloan) isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-74695935488098591462020-05-25T10:41:00.001-07:002020-05-25T10:41:04.058-07:00The Bloody Slaughter On The Slaughter Essay - 1674 Words ââ¬Å"In twelve seconds or less, the knocked cow ââ¬â unconscious, semiconscious, fully conscious, or dead ââ¬â moves down the line to arrive at the ââ¬Å"shackler,â⬠who attaches a chain around one of the hind legs and hoists the animal into the air.â⬠(Foer 117) Foerââ¬â¢s vivid description of the bloody slaughter on the killing floor reveals the cruelty in the animal industry and evokes criticism of inhuman treatment and the terrible circumstances animals live in. During class, some of us reached an agreement that massive slaughter of animals raised for meat is unethical and should be condemned, while eating meat from animals that have peacefully passed away seems acceptable. In both situations the animal is dead, so I start to wonder what really differentiates these two cases. Does dying painlessly really matter? In this paper, I would like to explore death and humanity in killing animals by investigating a fundamental question: for animals, whatââ¬â¢s th e difference between painful dying in the slaughter houses and being killed in nature by predators? Compared to killing in slaughter houses, hunting and being hunted are common in nature. For instance, prairie dogs, who depend on the white-tailed jackrabbit as a food source, bloodily kill hundreds of rabbits everyday. However, for those poor rabbits dying miserably and painfully, we never question the ethics, nor do we try to stop prairie dogs from killing them; instead, we call it natural selection. We justify this instinct ofShow MoreRelatedThe Story of the Crusades1082 Words à |à 5 PagesCrusades were a bloody war that the church deemed holy and necessary for salvation of the knights soul. The Crusades are a highly controversial and very dark stain on the Catholic church and Hierarchies past. The war was brought to the church from there Roman allies who they had tense dealings with. The where seeking aid in the fight against the muslim turks. The church decreed there act holy and justified. The people who were under the churches thumb had no objections to the slaughter that their belovedRead MoreGrendels Monstrosity747 Words à |à 3 Pagesit is said of Grendel that, ââ¬Å"Grendel hunted when they sleptâ⬠(Beowulf 2: Line 56). 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However, all across the globe dolphins isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-34765629448659726512020-05-14T17:35:00.001-07:002020-05-14T17:35:05.652-07:00An analysis of porters value chain - 1188 Words To analyse the specific activities through which firms can gain a competitive advantage, it is useful to model the firm as a chain of value creating activities. For this purpose, Porter identified a range of interrelated generic activities common to a wide range of firms. The resulting model is known as the value chain. According to Porter (1985), Competitive Advantage arises out of the way firms organise and arrange discrete activities. Through using the Value Chain, the activities performed by a firm competing in a particular industry can be grouped into categories as shown in the model below: Upstream Activities Downstream Activities Porter distinguishes between primary activities and support activities. Primary activities areâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦As mentioned, gaining competitive advantage requires that a firms value chain be managed as a system rather than a collection of separate parts. Reconfiguring the value chain by relocation, reordering or even eliminating certain activities can often lead to a major improvement in competitive position. Upstream and Downstream A firms value chain links to the value chains of the upstream suppliers and downstream buyers. The result is a larger stream of activities known as the value system. The development of a firm specific competitive advantage not only depends on the firms value chain but also on the value system of which the firm is a part. 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Porter wroteRead MoreHilti cut or Fasten?1339 Words à |à 6 PagesThis case review was executed about a case study that was discussed in class on the operations of Hilti and its surroundings ââ¬â Hilti is a global corporation based in Lichtenstein that is a market leader in drills, saws and fastening products. The analysis looks at the development of Hilti ever since it was founded, and the different strategies which have been implemented to get them to where they are now. For a company that has been very successful which is now going thr ough a period of recession isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-30936093293984594092020-05-06T15:30:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:30:36.159-07:00The Iliad And The Odyssey - 1730 Words Homer had once said ââ¬Å"In youth and beauty, wisdom is but rare!â⬠a very relatable quote to the story of the Iliad. But who exactly is Homer? For starters, Homer was a poet who lived from 800 B.C.E and died in 701 B.C.E. He was from Greece, and to be specific he had lived somewhere along the coast of Asia Minor according to biography.com. Also, he is most famous for his epic poems which were The Iliad and The Odyssey. Now as for whether he truly existed or not is still quite a mystery. Some scholars ââ¬Å"believe him to be one man; others think these iconic stories were created by a group. A variation on the group idea stems from the fact that storytelling was an oral tradition and Homer compiled the stories, and then recited them to memoryâ⬠(biography.com, 2016). The story of The Iliad, however, was one filled with a lot of love, betrayal, and you guessed it ââ¬âwar. Part of the reason that this epic poem focused so much on these three topics is because in ancien t Greek dramas those topics had the ability to receive the most attention from its viewers. To begin with, a little background on the Iliad itself. The story was written over a span of 24 books total. It all begins during the middle of the Trojan War according to David Silverman. And in quick summarization, the Trojan War all began because Menelausââ¬â¢s wife Helen was wooed by Paris of Troy into running away with him which ruined the alliance between Troy and Greece and beginning the war. So at the beginning of the Iliad KingShow MoreRelatedThe Iliad And The Odyssey1060 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬Å"Hateful to me as the gates of Hades is that man who hides one thing in his heart and speaks another.â⬠(The Iliad pg.405) The quote is relevant to the stories Homer created during the period of the Trojan War. Homer orally performed two of his best works The Iliad and The Odyssey. Homerââ¬â¢s stories are old and probably translated differently than their original telling. Homerââ¬â¢s The Iliad and The Odyssey still show the basic human emotions and are an inspi ration to other authors, poets, and oral presentersRead MoreThe Iliad and the Odyssey1510 Words à |à 7 Pages The Iliad and the Odyssey are two classic stories told by Homer. Within these two stories the roles of the gods are very important to the story line and how they affect the characters throughout. In the Iliad, more gods are involved with the characters whereas in the Odyssey there are only two major gods that affect two major characters. The roles of the gods in the Iliad are through two different stances of immortal versus immortal and mortal versus immortal. The roles of the gods in the OdysseyRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1317 Words à |à 6 PagesThroughout The Iliad and The Odyssey, both Achilles and Odysseus go through intense acts of heroism, internal and external hardships, and fluctuations in confidence. During the epic, The Odyssey, the main character, Odysseus, has to endure many hardships which show. He has to show tremendous amounts of heroism and confid ence just to keep his crew and himself alive. He has to rival and face many gods that despise him along with many humans. This theme can also be reflected from Homerââ¬â¢s The Iliad, where theRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1297 Words à |à 6 Pages2. The Iliad and the Odyssey were written by a poet or poets known as Homer. They were stories written about heroes in Mycenaeans times. Homer focused on one important event to base the stories after, the Trojan War. The story was about Paris Prince of Troy, taking Helen of Sparta from her husband. A war started to get Helen back to her husband because her husbands honor was hurt. The story told in the Odyssey is one of the king of Ithaca trying to return to his wife and son after being gone forRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey977 Words à |à 4 Pagesplot or storyline, or the theme of the myth. Homerââ¬â¢s The Iliad and The Odyssey are two prime examples of this. Within both epics, the gods constantly intervene in the lives a nd situations of the characters, molding them to the desired outcome. Without the influence of the gods in either of the epics, however, the ending might have been very different. There was a great deal more divine intervention in The Iliad in comparison to The Odyssey, however, as there were more godly characters in that textRead MoreThe Odyssey And The Iliad1060 Words à |à 5 PagesHomer was one of the first great authors in Western culture. He was known for creating the two Greek epics The Odyssey and The Iliad, which. The Odyssey tells of the ten-year journey by Odysseus to Ithica from Troy to be reunited with his beloved wife. The Odyssey was written in a with illustrative language. The Iliad was written in a. It depicted the end of the Trojan War and the siege of Troy. This event occurred centuries before Homer was assumed to have been born. Although both epics were writtenRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1657 Words à |à 7 Pagesduring the Greek Dark Ages was Homer, who I believe was the most influential writer of his time, and a writer w ho had truly made an impact on the evolution of Greek Culture following the Dark Ages. Two of Homerââ¬â¢s most famous poems were the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were Ancient Greek epic poems which covered a couple of weeks during the Trojan War. Although there were plenty of influential authors inspired by the Trojan war, Homer was by far the most influential; Nevertheless, This paper arguesRead MoreIliad and Odyssey1825 Words à |à 8 Pagesand cinema of a certain era. The epic poems, The Iliad and Odyssey, give scholars and historians an idea how the Ancient Greek lived their everyday lives. By reading the two novels, the reader is able to experience the three thousand years old society of Homer. The various similarities between our society and the societies depicted in the Iliad and the Odyssey are surprising profuse. To name a few: the superfluous violence in Iliad and Odyssey, the characterization of Odysseus, the obscureRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1498 Words à |à 6 PagesAn Influential Poem The Iliad is a poem that provides important stories with insight into early human society. It was an ancient story written centuries ago about two civilizations that battled against each other. ââ¬Å"The Iliad tells the story of the clash of two great civilizations, and the effects of war on both the winners and losersâ⬠(Homer 222). In addition to its influence on Greek poetry, the Iliad is a great Homeric epic that has long helped shape critical schools of thought. It is notRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey Essay1270 Words à |à 6 PagesAncient Greece, as found in the books of the Iliad and the Odyssey, is a place entranced in mystical beings, powerful gods and goddess, and heroic men. The role of women in society is greatly concentrated on their body with little regard to their soul and mind. However, in the Odyssey, it is Penelopeââ¬â¢s soul and mind that are vital to the success of her husbandââ¬â¢s nostos and the imperishable fame she will receive. Due to her husbandââ¬â¢s long absence, Penelope is placed in a predicament in which she must isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-66827651155799625382020-05-05T17:27:00.001-07:002020-05-05T17:27:22.359-07:00Job Analysis For Application Of Online Chat-Myassignmenthelp.Com Question: Discuss About The Job Analysis For Application Of Online Chat? Answer: Introduction Automation and technology are related to each other, which improves the quality of life and business performance. Mechanization and automation in the business reduce the workforce besides that it also reduces the working capacity of the human being (Frank et al. 2016). One of the examples of automation in business is the rise of chat bots that communicates with the clients in a business. This study deals with the effect of automation and mechanization on the business as well as human resource management. Discussion of how the field of HR is evolving Rapid use of technology reduces the work pressure of human being that also discards the necessity of the human being in the workplace (Morris et al. 2017). As for example use of chat, bots are a big approach to automation that decreases the workload as well as the responsibility of an HR. On the other hand, the emergence of artificial intelligence reduces the workforce of an HR as they complete their task through the technology. Changes occur in the HR technology that leads the HR to focus on the various fields in a business apart from the recruitment. Maintenance of the employee insurance is another part of HRM in the recent years. However, based on the market demand the role and skills of the HR are changing over the time to meet the business objectives. Challenges for the HR management that use robots in the organization Huge automation decreases the workforce of the human being as a result technology takes place of the human being in job sectors (Spinks et al. 2017). As a result, it becomes difficult for the HR to recruit people in an organization. There are fewer requirements for the full-time employment in an organization due to the rapid emergence of the automation and mechanization in the business sectors. As a result, people lose their interest to do work. Hence, such situation is difficult for an HR to manage the employees and to reduce the employee turnover. Use chat bots marketing the HR less functional as they have no need to communicate with their clients, which is done by such chat bots technology. Apart from this such automatic technology solves the query of the human being through communication, which is the main responsibility of HR. As a result is a big challenge for the HR to manage their responsibilities and existence in their professional career and Evaluation of the use of diaries Use of diaries is important for the employees those are attending calls in the banks call center (Pak et al. 2017). However, the job profile includes expertise that has good knowledge in handling the call and solving the issues of customers and clients. The applicant should have good communication and writing skill as they have to make a note in a diary according to the requirement of the clients, as well as they, have to put the customer's details in their diary. Applicant should be flexible and extrovert in nature as they have to communicate with the clients and o provide them assurance to solve their issue. Maintenance of diary will help this employee to make a tracker about their work and the customers details, which keeps a transparency in their work. Use of machine in job design Manual handing that means the use of diary in a call center may create the error in the work while the use of technology and automation process will make the work fast and error free (Wajcman 2017). As for example, an employee often fail to communicate with the clients and to solve their query in a call center, on the other hand, use of chat robots makes this process easier. Chat robot is a computer program that communicates with clients and resolves their queries through automation process. In order to make an effective communication and reduces the error in the work machine should be used in the call center instead of manual handling. Therefore, it also reduces the work pressure of the employee and makes the work faster as manual handling is a time-consuming process. Job description of a manager who uses the chat bots and humans for customer dealing The manager should have the good technical skill to utilize the effectiveness of the chat bots to communicate with the customers (Kaushik et al. 2017). Therefore, this manager should have good communication power to motivate the employees in their work to improve their performance. On the other hand, conversational skill and good writing are skill required to use the chat bots for dealing with clients. Conclusion Use chat bots in an organization allow the organization to build automatic communication with the clients. Chat bots is a computer program that communicates with the human being in business context. Hence, this type of automation in business reduces the workforce of the employees and employees require good technical skill to use the chat botst. References Frank, M.R., Sun, L., Cebrian, M., Youn, H. and Rahwan, I., 2017. Small cities face greater impact from automation.arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.05875. Kaushik, A.K., Goyal, A., Rohilla, P.K. and Acharya, V., 2017. accounting Impact on Indian Steel Industry.International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,12(1), pp.13-20. Morris, K.C., Schlenoff, C. and Srinivasan, V., 2017. Guest Editorial A Remarkable Resurgence of Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on Automation and Autonomy.IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,14(2), pp.407-409. Pak, R., Rovira, E., McLaughlin, A.C. and Baldwin, N., 2017. Does the domain of technology impact user trust? Investigating trust in automation across different consumer-oriented domains in young adults, military, and older adults.Theoretical Issues in economics Science,18(3), pp.199-220. Spinks, J., Jackson, J., Kirkpatrick, C.M. and Wheeler, A.J., 2017. Disruptive innovation in community pharmacyImpact of automation on the pharmacist workforce.Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy,13(2), pp.394-397. Wajcman, J., 2017. Automation: is it really different this time?.The British Journal of management,68(1), pp.119-127. isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-11580666062558794702020-04-10T07:02:00.001-07:002020-04-10T07:02:02.530-07:00Thalassemia Essay ExampleThalassemia Paper Beta Thalassemia Beta thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by the abnormal production of a blood protein called hemoglobin. This condition is caused by a mutation within the gene that is responsible for the healthy production of hemoglobin. In healthy people, hemoglobin carries oxygen to tissues and cells throughout the body. Patients with beta thalassemia do not have adequate levels of oxygen within the blood, which can cause anemia. There are two main types of beta thalassemia with symptoms that range from mild to severe. Beta-globin is produced by two genes, one gene from each parent. The severity of the condition correlates with the amount of normal beta-globin production. Beta Thalassemia Minor The individuals with thalassemia minor have only one copy of the beta thalassemia gene. These individuals are said to be heterozygous for beta thalassemia and will have mild anemia. This situation can vary closely resemble that with mild iron-deficiency anemia. However, people with thalassemia minor have a normal blood iron level. No treatment is necessary for thalassemia minor. In particular, iron is neither necessary nor advised. Beta Thalassemia Major The child born with thalassemia major has two genes for beta thalassemia and no normal beta chain gene. The child is homozygous for beta thalassemia. This causes a striking deficiency in beta chain production and in the production of HBA. The clinical picture associated with thalassemia major was first described in 1925 by the American pediatrician Thomas Cooley. Hense, the name Cooleys anemia in his honor. At birth the baby with thalassemia major seems entirely normal. Anemia begins to develop within the first months after birth. It becomes progressively more and more severe. We will write a custom essay sample on Thalassemia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thalassemia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thalassemia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Chromosome location The gene controlling beta chain production is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 11 at position 15. 5. More precisely, The HBB gene is located from base pair 5,203,271 to base pair 5,204,876 on chromosome 11. Characteristics of the Disease Beta thalassema major is characterized by severe anemia that can begin months after birth. In the United States and other developed countries, beta thalassemia is identified and treated early and effectively. In untreated, beta thalassemia major can lead to severe tiredness, jaundice, and growth and developmental delay. The body attempts to compensate by producing more blood cells in the bone marrow. However, this is ineffective without the needed genetic instructions to make enough functioning hemoglobin. Instead, obvious bone expansion and changes occur that cause characteristics facial and other changes in appearance, as well as increased risk of fractures. Severe anemia affects other organs in the body such as the heart, spleen, and liver. This can lead to heart failure and enlargement of the the liver and spleen. When untreated, beta thalassemia major generally results in childhood death, usually due to heart failure. Fortunately, in developed countries diagnosis is usually made early, often before symptoms have begun. This allows for treatment with blood transfusion therapy, which can prevent most of the complications of the severe anemia caused by beta thalassemia major. A compelet blood count will identify low levels of hemoglobin and other red blood cell abnormalities that are characterized with beta thalassemia. Since thalassemia trait can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from iron deficiency, tests to evaluate iron levels are important. A hemoglobin electrophoresis is a test that can help identify the types and quantities of hemoglobin made by an individual. This test uses an electric field applied across a slab of gel-like material. Hemoglobins migrate through this gel at various rates and to specific locations, depending on their size, shape, and electrical charge. In addition, isoelectric focusing and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) use similar principles to separate hemoglobins and can be used instead of or in various combination with hemoglobin electrophoresis to determine the types and quantities of hemoglobin present. Hemoglobin electrophoresis results are usually within the normal range for all types of alpha thalassemia. However, hemoglobin A2 levels and sometimes hemoglobin F levels are elevated when beta thalassemia disease or trait is present. Hemoglobin electrophoresis can also detect structurally abnormal hemoglobins that may be co-inherited with a thalassemia trait to cause thalassemia disease or other types of hemoglobin disease. Sometimes DNA testing is needed in addition to the screening tests. This can be performed to help confirm that diagnosis and establish the exact genetic type of thalassemia. Treatment or Management of the Condition The most common treatment of all major forms of thalassemia is red blood cell transfusions. These transfusions are necessary to provide the patient with a temporary supply of healthy red blood cells with normal hemoglobin capable of carrying the oxygen that the pateints body needs. While thalassemia patients were given infrequent transfusions in the past, clinical research led to a more frequent program of regular blood cell transfusions that greatly improved the patients quality of life. Today, most patients with a major form of thalassemia receive red blood cell transfusions every two to three weeks, amounting to as much as 52 pints of blood a year. Because there is no natural way to the body to eliminate iron, the iron in the transfused blood cells builds up in a condition known as iron overload and becomes toxic to tissues and organs, particularly the liver and heart. To help remove excess iron, patients undergo iron chelation therapy, in which a drug introduced into the body which binds with excess iron and removes it through the urine or stool. In 2005, FDA approved an oral chelator, Exjade. This is a pill which is dissolved in water or juice once a day. Molecular Genetics Beta thalassemia is caused by mutations in the HBB gene. More than 250 mutations in the HBB gene have been caused beta thalssemia. Most of the mutations involve a change in single DNA building block within or near the HBB gene. Other mutations insert or delete a small number of nucleotides in the HBB gene. HBB gene mutations that decrease beta-globin production result in a type of the condition called beta-plus thalssemia. Mutations that prevent cells from producing any beta-globin result in beta-zero thalssemia. Without proper amounts of beta-globin, sufficient hemoglobin cannot be formed. A lack of hemoglobin disrupts the normal development of red blood cells. A shortage of mature red blood cells prevents these cells from carrying and delivering enough oxygen to satisfy the bodyââ¬â¢s energy needs. A lack of oxygen in the bodyââ¬â¢s tissues can lead to poor growth, organ damage, and other health problems associated with beta thalassemia. Genetic Testing DNA analysis is available to investigate deletions and mutations in the beta-globin producing genes. Family studies can be done to evaluate carrier status and the types of mutations present in family members. DNA testing is not routinely done but can be used to help diagnosis thalassemia and to determine carrier status. Other relevant information Being a carrier of the disease may confer a degree of protection against malaria, as it is quite common among people of Italian and Greek origin, and also in some African and Indian regions. This probably by making the red blood cells more susceptible to the less lethal species Plasmodium vivax simultaneously making the hosts red blood cell environment unsuitable for the more lethal strain Plasmodium falciparum. This is believed to be a selective advantage for patients with the various thalassemia traits. More information can be found at: * Medline Plus * Genetics Home Reference * Cooleys Anemia Foundation References Beta Thalassemia. Genetics Home Reference. U. S. National Library of Medicine. July 2009. April 25, 2010. http://ghr. nlm. nih. gov/condition=betathalassemia Beta Thalassemia. Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital. 2010. April 25, 2010. http://www. lpch. org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/hematology/thalbeta. html About Thalassemia. Cooleys Anemia Foundation. 2010. April 25, 2010. http://www. thalassemia. org/index. php? option=com_content;view=article;id=19;Itemid=27 Beta Thalassemias. US Department of Health ; Human Services. National Institute of Health. 2010. April 25, 2010. http://www. nhlbi. nih. gov/health/dci/Diseases/Thalassemia/Thalassemia_WhatIs. html Mormino, Vincenzo. Thalassemia in Sicily. Best of Sicily Magazine. 004. April 25, 2010. http://www. bestofsicily. com/mag/art133. htm Thalassemia. Prathama Blood Center. 2010. April 25, 2010. http://www. prathama. org/thalassimias. php Thalassemia. Disease Information. Iron Overload. 2010. April 25, 2010. http://www. ironoverloadme. com/hcp/disease_information/thalaseemia. html When Your Child Has Beta Thalassemia. Mount Nittany Medical Center. 2010. April 25, 2010. http://www. mount nittany. org/wellness-library/healthsheets/documents? ID=11943 Beta Thalassemia. Access DNA. 2010. April 25, 2010. http://www. accessdna. com/condition/Beta-Thalassemia/60 isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-28437162936466562102020-03-09T19:32:00.001-07:002020-03-09T19:32:02.567-07:00So You Want to Study Abroad (6 Things to Consider)So You Want to Study Abroad (6 Things to Consider) So You Want to Study Abroad (6 Things to Consider) More and more people choose to study abroad these days. And why not? You get to travel, meet new people, learn about a different culture and earn a college degree at the same time! But studying abroad requires a bit of preparation, so make sure youââ¬â¢ve considered the following factorsâ⬠¦ 1. Length of Placement Different placements are available depending on how long you want to spend studying abroad. This ranges from a few weeks or a single semester, to full degree programs for those who want to really throw themselves into an overseas experience! 2. Where to Go This is the big one! Where should you study? Some of the most common places for U.S. students to study are in Europe, but itââ¬â¢s possible to study almost anywhere in the world, with other popular destinations including Canada, Mexico, Japan, China and Australia. As well as your personal interest in wherever you decide to study, practical factors to consider include your familiarity with the language (both of the country and the language of instruction), the lifestyle and culture of the place where youââ¬â¢ll be studying, and the tuition and living costs involved. If you really cant decide, throw a dart at a world map and see where it sticks. [Image: Mason Vanks Maps/wikimedia] 3. The Program Once you know where you want to study and the length of placement youââ¬â¢d prefer, itââ¬â¢s time to start looking at different programs. If youââ¬â¢re simply studying abroad for part of your degree, your best option will usually be to apply for a program run by your college. If you want to study abroad for your entire degree, youââ¬â¢ll have to research your chosen destination and apply as an international student. 4. Funding If you have the money to pay for your studies already, you can skip this one. But many of us with dreams of studying abroad would appreciate a little financial help, so itââ¬â¢s worth researching whether funding is available. 5. Entry Requirements and Qualifications The application process for studying abroad differs from institution to institution, so make sure you check carefully and understand the requirements. This will include having the academic qualifications necessary to study your chosen course, as well as providing a resume, a letter of recommendation and possibly proof that you can speak the language of instruction. Some colleges and universities also set admissions tests. The most important thing is starting the application early enough, as that will give you enough time to organize everything before youââ¬â¢re due to begin your studies! 6. Travel Arrangements The final step, once youââ¬â¢ve been accepted on a course, is to organize the travel. And thereââ¬â¢s lots to do before booking your flights, including sorting out a visa, making sure you have a valid passport and working out your living arrangements for once you arrive. As with the entry requirements, the key here is knowing what you need to do before travelling to the country where youââ¬â¢ll be studying, as well as leaving plenty of time to make the arrangements. And then its just a case of Bon voyage! isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-9998852509770282072020-02-22T09:58:00.001-08:002020-02-22T09:58:03.180-08:00White Privilege and the Myth of Meritocracy-Diversity in Organizations EssayWhite Privilege and the Myth of Meritocracy-Diversity in Organizations - Essay Example The discussion is also made in the additional contexts of the questions that are required to be answered relating to white privileges that have relevance with regard to organizational diversity; white privileges from the vantage point of non-white minority groups; how discrimination fosters white privileges and whitesââ¬â¢ perception of their own capabilities and merits; the use of the terms qualified minorities, qualified whites, and qualified women; gender-based privileges; the relationship between wealth and privileges (Bell, 2011; pp. 223-256; McIntosh, 1990; McIntosh, 2009; McNamee and Miller, 2004; Unz, 2012). Discussion Whites here refer to the ethnic groups that fall under the umbrella of non-Hispanic white and have roots in Europe, or else are from North Africa or the Middle East. They include those who self-report being white, or else report themselves to be one or other of the following: Arab, Irish, Polish, Lebanese, Italian, German, or from the Near East. This is also the definition espoused by the US Census Bureau, and forms the basis of the definition for the paper (Bell, 2011, p. 225). By white privileges is meant those privileges that accrue to Whites in America by virtue of the social conventions that work on either positively discriminating whites based on their color to confer special work, consumption, and other social privileges, or to negatively discriminate against non-whites to effectively put whites in positions of economic, social and political power, and in other relevant aspects of social and cultural life in the country. The myth of meritocracy, meanwhile, posits that whites earned their privileges and positions of dominance and power, and that conversely other minority groups effectively have not earned power and therefore are unable to rise into similar positions as whites. The myth of meritocracy also exists as divisions in ââ¬Å"earnedâ⬠power and privileges along gender lines, with white women being in inferior positi ons at work for instance due to white males having earned their positions through the merits of their own work and capabilities. While there are parties that assert that reverse discrimination exist, and documented in the courts, the reality is that white privilege persists as a social force acting in ways that reinforce those privileges at the expense of women and minorities, even as whites themselves in significant numbers have historically worked for more egalitarian social arrangements among races, viewing diversity in organizations as sources of strength and advantage that lift all in turn (Bell, 2011; pp. 223-256). Answering the first question, McIntosh presents many of the subtle ways by which white privilege presents itself in daily life, and it is easy to imagine that in the context of organizational diversity, many of those presentations are relevant, especially with regard to not being racially profiled for a host of activities including participating in race-based discus sions and in discussions on promotions, and with regard to the impact of subtle segregation rules in the choice of housing for employees that may work against drives by organizations to foster greater racial diversity in its employee pools. In promotions discussions, if majority of upper management is white too, then ingrained social forces operating within an organization would work against greater ethnic diversity in the management ranks too, to cite another example (McIntosh, 2009; McIntosh, 1990). To answer question two, If I were a member of a minority ethnic group, the white privileges relating to natural social tendencies to promote and enhance the power of whites over isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-10838929932441433912020-02-06T02:46:00.001-08:002020-02-06T02:46:03.148-08:00Analysis Samsung Electronics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2Analysis Samsung Electronics - Case Study Example The company became known for its relatively low-cost quality innovative product lines and was able to give stiff competition to electronic majors like Sony, Nokia, Phillips etc. by continuously coming up with ever new features in all its products. There were many factors that contributed towards companyââ¬â¢s continued leadership position in the world market. The foremost was its business model that relied on speed based innovative products. The company focused on its strategy of developing research and engineering skills so that it could improve and improvise innovatively on the electrical and digital products of Sony, Phillips, Matsushita, and Nokia. Samsungââ¬â¢s ability to launch its own products with added features with a great speed was a huge success with the target population. Samsung had geared its teams of professionals to keep a strict watch on the peopleââ¬â¢s pulse and was, therefore, able to anticipate their demands and used to come up with new products and features that were envied by its rivals. Another vital feature of its business strategy was its focused approach towards R&D and utilizing his human resource as capital investment. His team was able to develop huge range within the same product because they were able to customize new products around their core design. He also introduced the concept of competing for product development teams which were located at diverse locations, thus promoting competition with the group for innovation. The merit-based promotion within the group ensured that the best got their dues. High potential employees were encouraged to MBA and Ph.D. in the foreign country on companyââ¬â¢s expenses so that expert team could be indigenously developed and fostered for improved business performance. isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-49253096436739153702020-01-28T15:42:00.001-08:002020-01-28T15:42:03.434-08:00Responses to Modernism Essay Example for Free Responses to Modernism Essay a) How does Levin characterize the art of the Modern era? List the various terms and phrases she uses to describe the Modern period. Levin characterizes the art of the Modern era with terms such as: style, form, scientific, experimental, method, logic, technological, purity, clarity, order, idealistic, optimistic, ideological, reductive, austere, puritanical, elitist, dogmatic, brutal, competitive, individualistic, materialistic, formal, abstract, repetitive, flattening, ordering, and literal. Levin characterizes the art of the Modern era with phrases such as: ââ¬Å"style-the invention of sets of forms-was a preoccupation of Modernism, as was originality. The Tradition of the New, Harold Rosenberg called itâ⬠ââ¬Å"Modern art was scientific. It was based on faith in the technological future, on belief in progress and objective truth. It was experimental: the creation of new forms was its taskâ⬠ââ¬Å"It longed for perfection and demanded purity, clarity, order. And it denied everything else, especially the past: idealistic, ideological and optimistic, Modernism was predicated on the glorious future, the new and improved. Like technology, it was based all along on the inventions of man-made forms, or, as Meyer Schapiro has said, ââ¬Å"a thing made rather than a scene represented. â⬠ââ¬Å"Conceptualism came out of the closet; and art became documentation. In a sense, it was the ultimate godlike act of Modernism: creating a work out of nothing. In another sense, it was obvious that something was over,â⬠ââ¬Å"Modernism, toward the end of its reign, came to be seen as reductive and austere. Its purity came to seen puritanical. It was in the terminology in a word, Formalism which implied not only the logical structures of Modernist invention but also the structures of rigid adherence of established forms. ââ¬Å"There is no other democracy than the respect for formsâ⬠, one of the new French philosophers, Bernard-Henry Levy, has remarked. Like democracy, Modernist art is now being reinterpreted in terms of its insistence on forms and laws rather than in terms of liberty and freedom. The Modernist vision may have had democratic aims a progressive emancipation of the individual from authority in an age of unlimited possibilities, as Schapiro has notedbut in practice it was elitist: the public never understood abstract art. It was as specialized as modern science. And emphasis on structure rather than substance is what we came to see in it. Like science, Modernist art has begun to seem dogmatic and brutal. â⬠ââ¬Å"competitive and individualistic, it saw everything in terms of risk. Like capitalism, it was materialistic. From its collage scraps and fur-lined teacup to its laden brushstrokes, I-beams, and Campbellââ¬â¢s soupcans, modernist art insisted increasingly on being an object in a world of objects. What started as radical physicality turned into commodity; the desire for newness led to a voracious appetite for novelty. â⬠ââ¬Å"the artist as godlike Creator was the leitmotif of Modernismâ⬠b) How does Levin characterize the art of Postmodernism? List the various terms and phrases she uses to describe the Postmodern period. Levin characterizes the art of Postmodernism with terms such as: hybrid impurity, illusionistic theatricality, narrative insinuations, counterrevolutionary contradictions, disillusionment, distrust, survival, natural substances, ongoing processes, photographic images, language, real-time systems, nature, demolition, natural, temporality, psychological, narrational, personal, lifelike contexts, subjective facts, subversive, protesting, impure, quotes, scavenges, ransacks, recycles, synthesis, confession, fiction, irony, whimsy, disbelief, intimate, metamorphosis. Levin characterizes the art of Postmoderism with phrases like: ââ¬Å"Style has become a voluntary option, to be scavenged and recycled, to be quoted, paraphrased, parodied to be used as a languageâ⬠ââ¬Å"It could be argued that the precise moment of its demise was signaled a few months earlier by the revelation of Duchampââ¬â¢s Etant Donnes with all its hybrid impurity, illusionistic theatricality, narrative insinuations, and counterrevolutionary contradictions opening a peephole into the magical natural world as if predicting the concerns of postmodern art. â⬠ââ¬Å"Returning materials to their natural stage, subjecting them to natural forces, sending art back to the land or internalizing it within the body, they were evidence that time and/or place were becoming crucial, clearing the way for the psychological and the narrational, for personal content, lifelike contexts, and subjective facts. The feeling against style and objectivity proved more subversive than the antipathy toward objects and form: post-modernism arose out of Conceptualist premises that art is information -while protesting its Modernist aridity. â⬠ââ¬Å"Post-modernism is impure. It knows about shortages. It knows about inflation and devaluation. It is aware of the increased cost of objects. And so it quotes, scavenges, ransacks, recycles the past. Its method is synthesis rather than analysis. It is style-free and free-style. Playful and full of doubt, it denies nothing. Tolerant of ambiguity, contradiction, complexity, incoherence, it is eccentrically inclusive. It mimics life, accepts awkwardness and crudity, takes an amateur stance. Structured by time rather than form, concerned with context instead of style, it uses memory, research, confession, fiction with irony, whimsy, and disbelief. Subjective and intimate, it blurs the boundaries between the world and the self. It is about identity and behaviorâ⬠ââ¬Å"perhaps we should look to the self-awareness movements that became popular during the ââ¬Ë70s for a terminology appropriate to the new art: based not on scientific reason and logic and the pretense of objectivity but on presence, subjective experience, behavior, on a weird kind of therapeutic revelation in which it is not necessary to believe or understand it is enough if it works. â⬠c) What are the main points of contrast Levin describes between the art of the two periods? The main points of contrast between modernism and postmodernism that Levin describes are: style as preoccupation vs. style as option, purity vs. hybrid impurity, man-made vs. the natural, adherence to forms vs. the tolerance of ambiguity, godlike vs. lifelike, objective vs. subjective, idealistic vs. realistic, and progressive understanding vs. the cyclical understanding. d) What symbols does Levin suggest would serve as iconic images for the two periods? For modernism, the grid is the suggested iconic image. For post-modernism, the map is the suggested iconic image. e) Now, identify two of the art movements discussed by Levin. Find a representative artist who participated in each movement and has at least one artwork illustrated in your textbook. Write a compare-contrast between the two artworks. One of the art movements and representative artists should be identified by Levin as Modern, the other as Postmodern. Dadism: Rauschenberg-Bed(1955) Pop Art: Andy Warhol-Marilyn Monroe f) Start by identifying the two artists and their artworks as fully as possible. Rauschenberg was an American artist who became famous during the transition from abstract-expressionism to pop-art. He is famous for his white, black and red paintings. With his white paintings, he sought to reduce painting to its essential nature so that the possibility of pure experience could be created and appreciated. With his black paintings, Rauschenberg mixed paper with newspaper to create the effect of appearance and disappearance. With his red paintings, Rauschenberg created what would be fore-runners of his combine series. They used complex materials so that the surface was disturbed from the impression of being flat or two-dimensional. Certainly a transitional painter, he worked within the gap between modernism and post-modernism. Through mistakes he developed his imaginative creativity into meaningful formations that explored new ways and mediums of creating art, by processes like photography, silk-screen, and multimedia juxtaposition. g) Describe both works in detail Rauschenbergââ¬â¢s artwork, Bed(1955) was created with Rauschenberg covered a shallow wooden frame with a worn quilt, that is alternately splashed and splattered with paint. While it uses everyday materials and can be said to celebrate them by transforming them from something disposable to something that is to be preserved, it is also a Dada-esque assertion of anti-art. f) Andrew Warhol was a prominent figure in the pop-art movement who was known for his diverse friends and came up with the concept of ââ¬Å"fifteen-minutes of fame. â⬠A celebrity in his own right, he is characteristically known for his paintings of luminaries like Marilyn Monroe and Elizabeth Taylor. When he switched to silk-screen, Andrew Warhol minimized his own hand so much as he tried to follow his intention to be ââ¬Å"a machine. â⬠His silk-screen was made serially and mass-produced the mass-produced, including the iconic Campbellââ¬â¢s Soup Can. Shot in 1968, by a fringe member of his Factory Scene ââ¬Ëclique,ââ¬â¢ Warhol barely survived and spent much of his later life as a more subdued ââ¬Å"business-artist. â⬠A man who loved plastic, Warhol also aspired to be plastic, at once superficial and commercial but also in possession of an odd aura of glamour. g) Andy Warholââ¬â¢s artwork, ââ¬Å"Marilyn,â⬠was created so that it could personify mass-production and the glamorous aura of ââ¬Ëcelebrity. ââ¬â¢ Warhol accomplished this with his stenciling technique where ink and paint was applied to silk-screen images. An effect that was also realized was that of two disparities. In ââ¬Å"Marilynâ⬠the public image and the private image are attached but wrestle against each other so that both have a characteristic of ambiguity and not quite holding very well. h) How are they Similar? They incorporate different mediums, and deal with disparities. They both wrestle with the private and the public. ââ¬Å"Bedâ⬠turns a private item into a public presentation and ââ¬Å"Marilynâ⬠deals with the clash between the private person and the public personification. i) How are they Different? ââ¬Å"Bedâ⬠deals more with the ordinary and the relatively mundane. ââ¬Å"Marilynâ⬠deals with the exceptional and the aura of celebrity. ââ¬Å"Bedâ⬠appears to have been created quite carelessly, ââ¬Å"Marilynâ⬠appears to have been created deliberately. ââ¬Å"Bedâ⬠somehow congeals and appears finished although in a more careless kind of way. ââ¬Å"Marilynâ⬠seems somehow undone and there is the feeling that a missing element should be there. It feels unfinished and never quite complete. j) Finally, do they seem to illustrate Levinââ¬â¢s points about Modernism and Postmodernismââ¬âor not? Yes, they do seem to. ââ¬Å"Bedâ⬠deals with the man-made, the quilt is a man-made object that is also a machine-made object. ââ¬Å"Marilynâ⬠has a strange kind of living existence as it deals with the natural, the organic, as well as, the complex human form in all its frailty. There is a quality of decomposition to it that makes it very odd but makes it portray the organic in a strong way. ââ¬Å"Bedâ⬠is godlike because it does create something out of nothing. It turns what is ââ¬Å"nothing,â⬠an old quilt, into something quite extraordinary, so extraordinary that it will be displayed in museums as a monument of sorts. ââ¬Å"Marilynâ⬠is deeply personal and subjective, it is an intimate rendering of someone who lived who cannot really be known except through subjective interpretations. ââ¬Å"Bedâ⬠is much more elitist and it takes a lot of erudite clarifications before a lot of people can ââ¬Ëget it. ââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"Marilynâ⬠is not incorporative of any great interplay of the theoretical and can be appreciated much more easily because it deals with such popular content matter. isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-12890598958302039892020-01-20T12:06:00.001-08:002020-01-20T12:06:02.871-08:00Golden Rule and Environmentalism :: Environment Ecology Ecological EssaysGolden Rule and Environmentalism Intelligence, humor, simplicity, common sense, lack of philosophical jargon, perspective, wit, answer to questions. In the style of a popular scientist, not a philosopher, Stephen Jay Gould announces his view of an appropriate environmental ethic following the simple, but forever elegant, golden rule. "If we all treated others as we wish to be treated ourselves, then decency and stability would have to prevail"(216), he states. In the spirit of Karen Warren, Gould's perspective on environmentalism 'feels right' to me, as I can connect with acts of respect and benevolence towards humans and can easily extend that feeling to the rest of the earth (especially on a personal level where I see the golden rule as the basis for my religious beliefs). However, upon closer examination, I find the suggestion to 'just follow the golden rule' as an environmental ethic problematic when examined in a practical, non-idealized light. Harkening back to the problems encountered in previous discussions of biocentric and ecocentric ethics, I am troubled by the potential outcomes of an environmental ethic such as this. In searching for a practical example with which to apply the golden rule ethic, let's examine Martin Kreiger's example of what to do in the case of Niagara Falls. Kreiger discusses three options for managing the Falls which were devised by the International Joint Commission Fallscape committee: 1) converting the falls into a monument, i.e. spending money and resources to keep the falls the way they are now; 2) making the falls an event, i.e. allowing the falls to continue to evolve, monitoring for rockfalls, and 'selling' their occurrence to the public to watch; 3) treating the falls as a show, i.e. giving a director complete power and discretion over the amount of water flowing at a given time, the size of the pool, and the amount of debris, along with lights and music, of course. Where would the golden rule ethic lead us in deciding the appropriate action for Niagara Falls? The first question in trying to apply this ethic is, who determines how "we" would want to be treated so that it can be determined how Niagara Falls would want to be treated? Should 'the public', as Kreiger thinks, have the say in what happens to Niagara, and therefore, decide its fate? I don't think that the public is in an appropriate position to decide the fate of this, or many other, environmental entities. isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-60266451633160023412020-01-12T08:29:00.001-08:002020-01-12T08:29:04.878-08:00The Host Chapter 18: BoredI spent the rest of the day, with one brief exception, in total silence. That exception occurred when Jeb brought food for both Jared and me several hours later. As he set the tray inside the entrance to my tiny cave, he smiled at me apologetically. ââ¬Å"Thank you,â⬠I whispered. ââ¬Å"You're welcome,â⬠he told me. I heard Jared grunt, irritated by our small exchange. That was the only sound Jared made all day. I was sure he was out there, but there was never so much as an audible breath to confirm that conviction. It was a very long day-very cramped and very dull. I tried every position I could imagine, but I could never quite manage to get all of me stretched out comfortably at once. The small of my back began a steady throbbing. Melanie and I thought a lot about Jamie. Mostly we worried that we had damaged him by coming here, that we were injuring him now. What was a kept promise in comparison with that? Time lost meaning. It could have been sunset, it could have been dawn-I had no references here, buried in the earth. Melanie and I ran out of topics for discussion. We flipped through our joint memories apathetically, like switching TV channels without stopping to watch anything in particular. I napped once but could not fall soundly asleep because I was so uncomfortable. When Jeb finally came back, I could have kissed his leathery face. He leaned into my cell with a grin stretching his cheeks. ââ¬Å"ââ¬ËBout time for another walk?â⬠he asked me. I nodded eagerly. ââ¬Å"I'll do it,â⬠Jared growled. ââ¬Å"Give me the gun.â⬠I hesitated, crouched awkwardly in the mouth of my cave, until Jeb nodded at me. ââ¬Å"Go ahead,â⬠he told me. I climbed out, stiff and unsteady, and took Jeb's offered hand to balance myself. Jared made a sound of revulsion and turned his face away. He was holding the gun tightly, his knuckles white over the barrel. I didn't like to see it in his hands. It bothered me more than it did with Jeb. Jared didn't make allowances for me the way Jeb had. He stalked off into the black tunnel without pausing for me to catch up. It was hard-he didn't make much noise and he didn't guide me, so I had to walk with one hand in front of my face and one hand on the wall, trying not to run into the rock. I fell twice on the uneven floor. Though he did not help me, he did wait till he could hear that I was on my feet again to continue. Once, hurrying through a straighter section of the tube, I got too close and my searching hand touched his back, traced across the shape of his shoulders, before I realized that I hadn't reached another wall. He jumped ahead, jerking out from under my fingers with an angry hiss. ââ¬Å"Sorry,â⬠I whispered, feeling my cheeks turn warm in the darkness. He didn't respond, but sped his pace so that following was even more difficult. I was confused when, finally, some light appeared ahead of me. Had we taken a different route? This was not the white brilliance of the biggest cavern. It was muted, pale and silvery. But the narrow crevice we'd had to pass through seemed the sameâ⬠¦ It wasn't until I was inside the giant, echoing space that I realized what caused the difference. It was nighttime; the light that shone dimly from above mimicked the light of the moon rather than the sun. I used the less-blinding illumination to examine the ceiling, trying to ferret out its secret. High, so very high above me, a hundred tiny moons shone their diluted light toward the dim, distant floor. The little moons were scattered in patternless clusters, some farther away than others. I shook my head. Even though I could look directly at the light now, I still didn't understand it. ââ¬Å"C'mon,â⬠Jared ordered angrily from several paces ahead. I flinched and hurried to follow. I was sorry I'd let my attention wander. I could see how much it irritated him to have to speak to me. I didn't expect the help of a flashlight when we reached the room with the rivers, and I didn't receive it. It was dimly lit now, too, like the big cave, but with only twenty-odd miniature moons here. Jared clenched his jaw and stared at the ceiling while I walked hesitantly into the room with the inky pool. I guessed that if I stumbled into the fierce underground hot spring and disappeared, Jared would probably see it as a kind intervention of fate. I think he would be sad, Melanie disagreed as I edged my way around the black bathing room, hugging the wall. If we fell. I doubt it. He might be reminded of the pain of losing you the first time, but he would be happy if I disappeared. Because he doesn't know you, Melanie whispered, and then faded away as if she were suddenly exhausted. I stood frozen where I was, surprised. I wasn't sure, but it felt as though Melanie had just given me a compliment. ââ¬Å"Move it,â⬠Jared barked from the other room. I hurried as fast as the darkness and my fear would allow. When we returned, Jeb was waiting by the blue lamp; at his feet were two lumpy cylinders and two uneven rectangles. I hadn't noticed them before. Perhaps he'd gone to get them while we were away. ââ¬Å"Are you sleeping here tonight or am I?â⬠Jeb asked Jared in a casual tone. Jared looked at the shapes by Jeb's feet. ââ¬Å"I am,â⬠he answered curtly. ââ¬Å"And I only need one bedroll.â⬠Jeb raised a thick eyebrow. ââ¬Å"It's not one of us, Jeb. You left this on me-so butt out.â⬠ââ¬Å"She's not an animal, either, kid. And you wouldn't treat a dog this way.â⬠Jared didn't answer. His teeth ground together. ââ¬Å"Never figured you for a cruel man,â⬠Jeb said softly. But he picked up one of the cylinders, put his arm through a strap, and slung it over his shoulder, then stuffed one rectangle-a pillow-under his arm. ââ¬Å"Sorry, honey,â⬠he said as he passed me, patting my shoulder. ââ¬Å"Cut that out!â⬠Jared growled. Jeb shrugged and ambled away. Before he was out of sight, I hurried to disappear into my cell; I hid in its darkest reaches, coiling myself into a tight ball that I hoped was too small to see. Instead of lurking silently and invisibly in the outside tunnel, Jared spread his bedroll directly in front of the mouth of my prison. He plumped his pillow a few times, possibly trying to rub it in that he had one. He lay down on the mat and crossed his arms over his chest. That was the piece of him that I could see through the hole-just his crossed arms and half of his stomach. His skin was that same dark gold tan that had haunted my dreams for the last half year. It was very strange to have that piece of my dream in solid reality not five feet from me. Surreal. ââ¬Å"You won't be able to sneak past me,â⬠he warned. His voice was softer than before-sleepy. ââ¬Å"If you tryâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ He yawned. ââ¬Å"I will kill you.â⬠I didn't respond. The warning struck me as a bit of an insult. Why would I try to sneak past him? Where would I go? Into the hands of the barbarians out there waiting for me, all of them wishing that I would make exactly that kind of stupid attempt? Or, supposing I could somehow sneak past them, back out into the desert that had nearly baked me to death the last time I'd tried to cross it? I wondered what he thought me capable of. What plan did he think I was hatching to overthrow their little world? Did I really seem so powerful? Wasn't it clear how pathetically defenseless I was? I could tell when he was deeply asleep because he started twitching the way Melanie remembered he occasionally did. He only slept so restlessly when he was upset. I watched his fingers clench and unclench, and I wondered if he was dreaming that they were wrapped around my neck. The days that followed-perhaps a week of them, it was impossible to keep track-were very quiet. Jared was like a silent wall between me and everything else in the world, good or bad. There was no sound but that of my own breathing, my own movements; there were no sights but the black cave around me, the circle of dull light, the familiar tray with the same rations, the brief, stolen glimpses of Jared; there were no touches but the pitted rocks against my skin; there were no tastes but the bitter water, the hard bread, the bland soup, the woody roots, over and over again. It was a very strange combination: constant terror, persistent aching physical discomfort, and excruciating monotony. Of the three, the killer boredom was the hardest to take. My prison was a sensory-deprivation chamber. Together, Melanie and I worried that we were going to go mad. We both hear a voice in our head, she pointed out. That's never a good sign. We're going to forget how to speak, I worried. How long has it been since anyone talked to us? Four days ago you thanked Jeb for bringing us food, and he said you were welcome. Well, I think it was four days ago. Four long sleeps ago, at least. She seemed to sigh. Stop chewing your nails-it took me years to break that habit. But the long, scratchy nails bothered me. I don't really think we need to worry about bad habits in the long term. Jared didn't let Jeb bring food again. Instead, someone brought it to the end of the hall and Jared retrieved it. I got the same thing-bread, soup, and vegetables-twice every day. Sometimes there were extra things for Jared, packaged foods with brand names I recognized-Red Vines, Snickers, Pop-Tarts. I tried to imagine how the humans had gotten their hands on these delicacies. I didn't expect him to share-of course not-but I wondered sometimes if he thought I was hoping he would. One of my few entertainments was hearing him eat his treats, because he always did so ostentatiously, perhaps rubbing it in the way he had with the pillow that first night. Once, Jared slowly ripped open a bag of Cheetos-showy about it as usual-and the rich smell of fake powdered cheese rolled through my caveâ⬠¦ delicious, irresistible. He ate one slowly, letting me hear each distinct crunch. My stomach growled loudly, and I laughed at myself. I hadn't laughed in so long; I tried to remember the last time and couldn't-just that strange bout of macabre hysteria in the desert, which really didn't count as laughter. Even before I'd come here, there hadn't been much I'd found funny. But this seemed hilarious to me for some reason-my stomach yearning after that one small Cheeto-and I laughed again. A sign of madness, surely. I didn't know how my reaction offended him, but he got up and disappeared. After a long moment, I could hear him eating the Cheetos again, but from farther away. I peeked out of the hole to see that he was sitting in the shadows at the end of the corridor, his back to me. I pulled my head inside, afraid he might turn and catch me watching. From then on, he stayed down at that end of the hall as much as possible. Only at night did he stretch out in front of my prison. Twice a day-or rather twice a night, as he never took me when the others were about-I got to walk to the room with the rivers; it was a highlight, despite the terror, as it was the only time I was not hunched into the unnatural shapes my small cave forced on me. Each time I had to crawl back inside was harder than the last. Three times that week, always during the sleeping hours, someone came to check on us. The first time it was Kyle. Jared's sudden lunge to his feet woke me. ââ¬Å"Get out of here,â⬠he warned, holding the gun ready. ââ¬Å"Just checking,â⬠Kyle said. His voice was far away but loud and rough enough that I was sure it was not his brother. ââ¬Å"Someday you might not be here. Someday you might sleep too soundly.â⬠Jared's only answer was to cock the gun. I heard Kyle's laughter trailing behind him as he left. The other two times I didn't know who it was. Kyle again, or maybe Ian, or maybe someone whose name I hadn't learned. All I knew was that twice more I was woken by Jared jumping to his feet with the gun pointed at the intruder. No more words were spoken. Whoever was just checking didn't bother to make conversation. When they were gone, Jared went back to sleep quickly. It took me longer to quiet my heart. The fourth time was something new. I was not quite asleep when Jared started awake, rolling to his knees in a swift movement. He came up with the gun in his hands and a curse on his lips. ââ¬Å"Easy,â⬠a voice murmured from the distance. ââ¬Å"I come in peace.â⬠ââ¬Å"Whatever you're selling, I'm not buying,â⬠Jared growled. ââ¬Å"I just want to talk.â⬠The voice came closer. ââ¬Å"You're buried down here, missing the important discussionsâ⬠¦ We miss your take on things.â⬠ââ¬Å"I'm sure,â⬠Jared said sarcastically. ââ¬Å"Oh, put the gun down. If I was planning to fight you, I would have come with four guys this time.â⬠There was a short silence, and when Jared spoke again, his voice carried a hint of dark humor. ââ¬Å"How's your brother these days?â⬠he asked. Jared seemed to enjoy the question. It relaxed him to tease his visitor. He sat down and slouched against the wall halfway in front of my prison, at ease, but with the gun still ready. My neck ached, seeming to comprehend that the hands that had crushed and bruised it were very close by. ââ¬Å"He's still fuming about his nose,â⬠Ian said. ââ¬Å"Oh, well-it's not the first time it's been broken. I'll tell him you said you were sorry.â⬠ââ¬Å"I'm not.â⬠ââ¬Å"I know. No one is ever sorry for hitting Kyle.â⬠They laughed quietly together; there was a sense of camaraderie in their amusement that seemed wildly out of place while Jared held a gun loosely pointed in Ian's direction. But then, the bonds that were forged in this desperate place must have been very strong. Thicker than blood. Ian sat down on the mat next to Jared. I could see his profile in silhouette, a black shape against the blue light. I noticed that his nose was perfect-straight, aquiline, the kind of nose that I'd seen in pictures of famous sculptures. Did that mean that others found him more bearable than the brother whose nose was often broken? Or that he was better at ducking? ââ¬Å"So what do you want, Ian? Not just an apology for Kyle, I imagine.â⬠ââ¬Å"Did Jeb tell you?â⬠ââ¬Å"I don't know what you're talking about.â⬠ââ¬Å"They've given up the search. Even the Seekers.â⬠Jared didn't comment, but I could feel the sudden tension in the air around him. ââ¬Å"We've been keeping a close watch for some change, but they never seemed overly anxious. The search never strayed from the area where we abandoned the car, and for the past few days they were clearly looking for a body rather than a survivor. Then two nights ago we caught a lucky break-the search party left some trash in the open, and a pack of coyotes raided their base camp. One of them was coming back late and surprised the animals. The coyotes attacked and dragged the Seeker a good hundred yards into the desert before the rest of them heard its screams and came to the rescue. The other Seekers were armed, of course. They scared the coyotes off easily, and the victim wasn't seriously hurt, but the event seems to have answered any questions they might have had about what happened to our guest here.â⬠I wondered how they were able to spy on the Seekers who searched for me-to see so much. I felt strangely exposed by the idea. I didn't like the picture in my head: the humans invisible, watching the souls they hated. The thought made the skin on the back of my neck prickle. ââ¬Å"So they packed up and left. The Seekers gave up the search. All the volunteers went home. No one is looking for it.â⬠His profile turned toward me, and I hunched down, hoping it was too dark to see me in here-that, like his face, I would appear as only a black shape. ââ¬Å"I imagine it's been declared officially dead, if they keep track of those things the way we used to. Jeb's been saying I told you so' to anyone who'll stand still long enough to hear it.â⬠Jared grumbled something incoherent; I could only pick out Jeb's name. Then he inhaled a sharp breath, blew it out, and said, ââ¬Å"All right, then. I guess that's the end of it.â⬠ââ¬Å"That's what it looks like.â⬠Ian hesitated for a moment and then added, ââ¬Å"Exceptâ⬠¦ Well, it's probably nothing at all.â⬠Jared tensed again; he didn't like having his intelligence edited. ââ¬Å"Go on.â⬠ââ¬Å"No one but Kyle thinks much of it, and you know how Kyle is.â⬠Jared grunted his assent to that. ââ¬Å"You've got the best instincts for this kind of thing; I wanted your opinion. That's why I'm here, taking my life into my hands to infiltrate the restricted area,â⬠Ian said dryly, and then his voice was utterly serious again. ââ¬Å"You see, there's this oneâ⬠¦ a Seeker, no doubt about that-it packs a Glock.â⬠It took me a second to understand the word he used. It wasn't a familiar part of Melanie's vocabulary. When I understood that he was talking about a kind of gun, the wistful, envious tone in his voice made me feel slightly ill. ââ¬Å"Kyle was the first to notice how this one stood out. It didn't seem important to the rest-certainly not part of the decision-making process. Oh, it had suggestions enough, from what we could see, but no one seemed to listen to it. Wish we could've heard what it was sayingâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ My skin prickled anxiously again. ââ¬Å"Anyway,â⬠Ian continued, ââ¬Å"when they called off the search, this one wasn't happy with the decision. You know how the parasites are always soâ⬠¦ very pleasant? This was weird-it's the closest I've ever seen them come to an argument. Not a real argument, because none of the others argued back, but the unhappy one sure looked like it was arguing with them. The core group of Seekers disregarded it-they're all gone.â⬠ââ¬Å"But the unhappy one?â⬠Jared asked. ââ¬Å"It got in a car and drove halfway to Phoenix. Then it drove back to Tucson. Then it drove west again.â⬠ââ¬Å"Still searching.â⬠ââ¬Å"Or very confused. It stopped at that convenience store by the peak. Talked to the parasite that worked there, though that one had already been questioned.â⬠ââ¬Å"Huh,â⬠Jared grunted. He was interested now, concentrating on the puzzle. ââ¬Å"Then it went for a hike up the peak-stupid little thing. Had to be burning alive, wearing black from head to toe.â⬠A spasm rocked through my body; I found myself off the floor, cringing against the back wall of my cell. My hands flew up instinctively to protect my face. I heard a hiss echo through the small space, and only after it faded did I realize it was mine. ââ¬Å"What was that?â⬠Ian asked, his voice shocked. I peeked through my fingers to see both of their faces leaning through the hole toward me. Ian's was black, but part of Jared's was lit, his features hard as stone. I wanted to be still, invisible, but tremors I couldn't control were shaking violently down my spine. Jared leaned away and came back with the lamp in his hands. ââ¬Å"Look at its eyes,â⬠Ian muttered. ââ¬Å"It's frightened.â⬠I could see both their expressions now, but I looked only at Jared. His gaze was tightly focused on me, calculating. I guessed he was thinking through what Ian had said, looking for the trigger to my behavior. My body wouldn't stop shaking. She'll never give up, Melanie moaned. I know, I know, I moaned back. When had our distaste turned to fear? My stomach knotted and heaved. Why couldn't she just let me be dead like the rest of them had? When I was dead, would she hunt me still? ââ¬Å"Who is the Seeker in black?â⬠Jared suddenly barked at me. My lips trembled, but I didn't answer. Silence was safest. ââ¬Å"I know you can talk,â⬠Jared growled. ââ¬Å"You talk to Jeb and Jamie. And now you're going to talk to me.â⬠He climbed into the mouth of the cave, huffing with surprise at how tightly he had to fold himself to manage it. The low ceiling forced him to kneel, and that didn't make him happy. I could see he'd rather stand over me. I had nowhere to run. I was already wedged into the deepest corner. The cave barely had room for the two of us. I could feel his breath on my skin. ââ¬Å"Tell me what you know,â⬠he ordered. isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-58995431764253690312020-01-04T04:53:00.001-08:002020-01-04T04:53:03.913-08:0011 Top-Ranked South Carolina Colleges and Universitiesisabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-80325874314458803062019-12-27T01:19:00.001-08:002019-12-27T01:19:04.583-08:00Repurchase Agreements Finance Essay - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6931 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Repo is a short for repurchase agreements, are contracts for the sale and future repurchase of a financial asset, most often Treasury securities. A contract in which the seller of securities agrees to buy them back at a specified time and price also called repurchase agreement or buyback. On the termination date, the seller repurchases the asset at the same price at which he sold it, and pays interest for the use of the funds. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Repurchase Agreements Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Securities dealers are the major borrowers in repurchase agreements or repos. This is because it is the cheapest form of financing. Repos are classified as a money-market instrument. They are usually used to raise short-term capital. In a simple example of repo, the party sells a security to another and agrees to repurchase it at a later date. The first party, the borrower, gets cash and the second party, the lender, earns a return equal to the difference between the price at which he buys the security and the price at which he resells it. In common parlance, the seller of securities does a repo and the lender of funds does a reverse. Because money is the more liquid asset, the lender normally receives a margin on the collateral, meaning it is priced below market value, usually by 2 to 5 percent depending on maturity. To finance their operations, dealers borrow against their inventories of securities. Extremely high profits can be generated when prices rise, but devastating losses can be generated when prices fall. Repos can be of any duration but are most commonly overnight loans. Most repos are overnight transactions, with the sale taking place one day and being reversed the next day. A repurchase agreement or repo can summaries mean by which is an agreement between two parties whereby one party sells the other a security at a specified price with a commitment to buy the security back at a later date for another specified price. While a repo is legally the sale and subsequent repurchase of a security, its economic effect is that of a secured loan. Economically, the party purchasing the security makes funds available to the seller and holds the security as collateral. If the repo security pays a dividend, coupon or partial redemptions during the repo, this is returned to the original owner. The difference between the sale and repurchase prices paid for the security represents interest on the loan. Indeed, repos are quoted as interest rates. Securities de alers use repos to finance their securities inventories. They repo on their inventories, rolling the repos from one day to the next. Counterparties may be institutions, such as money market funds, which have short-term funds to invest, or they may be parties who wish to briefly obtain use of a particular security. For example, a party may want to sell the security short, or they may need to deliver the security to settle a trade with another party. Repurchase agreements which are sale-repurchase agreements, reversing out, to repo securities, to sell collateral, and buybacks are agreements between a borrower and a lender where the borrower, in effect, sells securities to the lender with the stipulation that the securities will be repurchased on a specified date and at a specified, higher price. The price at which an asset is repurchased in a repo is equal to the price at which it was sold plus an amount of interest for the use of the cash. The amount of interest is calculated from a market-determined interest rate called the repo rate. The securities serve as collateral for the loan. The difference between the repurchase price and the amount loaned is the amount of interest paid by the borrower to the lender, which is found by the following formula: Dollar Interest = Principal x Repo Rate x (Repo Term in days/360 days) The repo rate is the annualized interest rate of the transaction: Repo Rate = Dollar Interest/Principal x 360/ (Repo Term in days) Sometimes margin must be posted, where the amount of the loan is slightly less than the worth of the collateralized securities, also known as a haircut. This helps to protect the lender from the possibility that rising interest rates will reduce the value of the collateral. Most repo agreements mark the collateral to market daily. Repo in government securities are fully-assigned, with collateral securities identified at the initiation of the trade. Repo proceeds include accrued interests. Typically repos are conducted as classic repos with both initial and variation margin applied on market values of collateral securities. Variation margin may be called when the fall in value of collateral securities exceeds a mutually agreed margin threshold. If the value of the collateral drops below the required margin, then the borrower may be subject to a margin call, or the repo may be re-priced in which the value of the loan is reduced. In either case, the borrower must send more money to the lender to maintain margin or to reduce the principal outstanding. The main benefit of repos to borrowers is that the repo rate is less than borrowing from a bank. The main benefit to lenders over other money market instruments, such as commercial paper, is that the maturity of the repo can be precisely tailored to the lenders needs. Major borrowers include large banks, and also dealers in bankers acceptances. Government securities are the main collateral for most repos, mortgage-backed securities, and other money market instruments. The Repo Market The repo market is the largest money market sector. The repo market is one in which two participants agree that one will sell securities to another and make a commitment to repurchase equivalent securities on a future specified date, or on call, at a specified price. There are several other large traders of repos besides government bond dealers. The net buyers of repos are money market funds, bank trust departments, municipalities, and corporations. The net sellers of collateral are thrifts and commercial banks. In effect, it is a way of borrowing or lending stock for cash, with the stock serving as collateral. Repos are not only used to finance inventory, but are also used to cover short positions of securities, and much of the repo market arises from speculative trading, where traders attempt to profit from the differences in the repo rates of repos and reverses. Repo Rate Determinants The annualized rate of interest paid on the loan is known as the repo rate. The repo rate is the interest rate that the lender charges the borrower. The implied repo rate comes from the reverse repo market, which has similar gain or loss variables as the implied repo rate. Interest rates payable on special repos tend to be lower than those payable on repo. This is because a party reverse repo on a special security will accept a reduced interest rate on its funds in exchange for receiving the special security it requires. Economically, the transaction is no different from cash collateralized securities lending. Pricing of either type of deal depends upon demand for the desired security. Because of the repos are essentially secured loans, their interest rates doing not depend upon the respective counterparties credit qualities. All types of futures and forward contracts have an implied repo rate, not just bond contracts. The rate of return that can be earned by simultaneously s elling a bond futures or forward contract and then buying an actual bond of equal amount in the cash market using borrowed money. The bond is held until it is delivered into the futures or forward contract and the loan is repaid. The repo rate for a particular transaction depends on the following factors. One of the factors is credit quality. It is like most other securities. The interest rate varies inversely with the credit quality of the issuer. So, the higher of the credit quality, then it will be the lower of the repo rate. Besides that, other factor is liquidity. It is very important and liquidity and the greater liquidity will lower the trading costs. So, the liquidity will affect the rate and affect the market. Then, delivery is also one of the factors. If the collateral must be delivery in physically, then the lender may charge higher rate of repo. This is because the lender wants to cover the delivery costs. Lastly, collateral availability is also an importa nt factor that will affect the repo rate. For example, if it is a special issue and it is very hard to have it, then the seller of the issue may try to obtain lower rate of repo from a lender that needs the collateral. Speculative Trading Since interest rates on short-term money market instruments changes daily, repos can also be used to profit from speculations about future interest rates by, hopefully, borrowing low and lending high, as long as the differential is great enough to cover trading costs. For instance, if a speculator thought that interest rates were going to rise over the next several months, she could borrow money from a repo with a term of 90 days, then do overnight reverses with the money. If her prediction is correct, then she can lend at successively higher interest rates while paying the locked-in lower rate on her 90-day repo. If her prediction is wrong, then she will still have to do the reverse repos, so that she can earn whatever interest she can, but it will be less than what she is paying, then she will suffer a loss. If a speculator thought that interest rates will be going down over the next several months, and then he would do a reverse term repo by lending the money which he got fro m an overnight repo for a term of 90 days, then continue borrowing the money through overnight repos to pay back the overnight repo that is maturing and rolling over the debt at successively lower interest rates while getting a higher interest rate for his reverse. If the speculator bet wrong, then he would have to pay more in interest than he would earn. A dealer firm can sometimes profit from the credit spread of a matched book, which is a repo and reverse repo of the same maturity. Some trades in the repo market are done to cover short positions. When a dealer shorts securities, it may try to temporarily replace those securities with a repo. It will first look to its customers to see if any of them will do a reverse using the shorted security. If that is not possible, then the dealer will use the services of a repo broker, especially if the securities are difficult to acquire, called a hot issue or special issue. The repo can only replace the securities temporarily. Eventua lly, the dealer will have to buy the securities to replace those that were sold short and hopefully at a lower price. Repo characteristic There are three types of repo maturities. There are overnight repo, term repo, and open repo. Overnight refers to a one-day maturity transaction. Term refers to a repo with a specified end date and it usually one week to one month. Open repo simply has no end date. The interest rate on open repos is slightly higher than on overnight repos. An open repo or open-maturity repo is a contractual relationship that allows the borrower to borrow funds up to a certain limit, without signing a new contract and it like an open credit arrangement. Although repos are typically short-term, it is not unusual to see repos with a maturity as long as two years. An open repo reduces settlement costs if the repo has to be rolled over. However, each party has the right to cancel at any time. Open repos also gives the dealer the right of substitution, which allows the substitution of other securities of similar credit quality for the collateral. The firm that makes the loan for a repo and usually a b ank has a reverse repo position that reversing in, to do repo, and to buy collateral, which is simply the opposite side of a repo. For every repo, some party has the reverse repo. Repo may either be cash-driven or securities-driven. In a cash-driven repo, the repo transaction is used to obtain cash funding. Securities used as collateral are not specific and usually consists of off-the-runs. For securities-driven repo, repo buyers are specifically seeking a particular identified security typically on-the-runs or benchmark securities mainly for the purpose of covering short-sale positions. Both types of repo transactions are transacted between market participants and the central bank via standard repo and benchmark repo auctions respectively. Repo transactions occur in three forms: specified delivery, tri-party, and held in custody. The third form is quite rare in developing markets primarily due to risks. The first form requires the delivery of a prespecified bond at the onset, an d at maturity of the contractual period. Tri-party essentially is a basket form of transaction, and allows for a wider range of instruments in the basket or pool. Tri-party utilizes a tri-party clearing agent or bank and is a more efficient form of repo transaction. Delivery For the delivery, the problem is the cost of repos is the delivery of collateral. For example, if the lender does not take possession of the collateral, then the borrower could borrow more funds using the same collateral and increasing the credit risk for the lender. The lender must take possession to protect its interests which an added cost that the borrower must pay. However, for overnight repos, physical delivery would be virtually impossible. In these cases, the borrower can set up a custodial account for the lender at a clearing bank. While the loan is outstanding, the securities are held in the custodial account for the benefit of the lender. When the repo is repaid, then the clearing bank can move the collateral back to the borrower, or to another account for a repo with another lender. Since the collateral can be moved by simply adjusting the beneficial owner in the electronic record of the collateral, the delivery is fast and cheap. Due bill/hold in-custody repo In a due bill repo, the collateral pledged by the cash borrower is not actually delivered to the cash lender. Rather, it is placed in an internal account (held in custody) by the borrower, for the lender, throughout the duration of the trade. This has become less common as the repo market has grown, particularly owing to the creation of centralized counterparties. Due to the high risk to the cash lender, these are generally only transacted with large, financially stable institutions. Tri-party repo In a repurchase, or repo, transaction where an investor can borrow cash for a short period from another party, using securities as collateral for the loan. Investors with large portfolios of securities can thus lend these out and earn a return over time. The distinguishing feature of a tri-party repo is that a custodian bank or international clearing organization, the tri-party agent, acts as an intermediary between the two parties to the repo. The tri-party agent is responsible for the administration of the transaction including collateral allocation, marking to market, and substitution of collateral. They therefore have the scale to subscribe to multiple data feeds to maximise the universe of coverage. As part of a tri-party agreement the three parties to the agreement, the tri-party agent, the repo buyer and the repo seller agree to a collateral management service agreement which includes an eligible collateral profile. It is this eligible collateral profile that enables the repo buyer to define their risk appetite in respect of the collateral that they are prepared to hold against their cash. For example a more risk adverse repo buyer may wish to only hold non-financial, primary market, equity as collateral. In the event of a liquidation event of the repo seller the collateral is highly liquid thus enabling the repo buyer to sell the collateral quickly. A less risk adverse repo buyer may be prepared to take non investment grade bonds as collateral, these may be less liquid and may suffer higher price volatility in the event of a repo seller default, making it more difficult for the repo buyer to sell the collateral and recover their cash. The tri-party agents are able to offer sophisticated collateral eligibility filters which allow the repo buyer to create these eligibile collateral profiles which can systemically generate collateral pools which reflect the buyers risk appetite. Collateral eligibility criteria could include asset type, issuer, currenc y, domicile, credit rating, maturity, index, issue size, average daily traded volume. Both the lender or repo buyer and borrower or repo seller of cash enters into these transactions to avoid the administrative burden of bi-lateral repos. In addition, because the collateral is being held by an agent, counterparty risk is reduced. A tri-party repo may be seen as the outgrowth of the due bill repo, in which the collateral is held by a neutral third party. Whole loan repo A whole loan repo is a form of repo where the transaction is collateralized by a loan or other form of obligation rather than a security. Equity repo The underlying security for most repo transactions is in the form of government or corporate bonds. Equity repos are simply repos on equity securities such as common or ordinary shares. Some complications can arise because of greater complexity in the tax rules for dividends as opposed to coupons. Securities lending The general motivation for repos is the borrowing or lending of cash. In securities lending, the purpose is to temporarily obtain the security for other purposes, such as covering short positions or for use in complex financial structures. Securities are generally lent out for a fee. Securities lending trades are governed by different types of legal agreements than repos. Reverse Repo A reverse repo is simply the same repurchase agreement from the buyers viewpoint, not the sellers. Hence, the seller executing the transaction would describe it as a repo, while the buyer in the same transaction would describe it a reverse repo. Reverse repo is a purchase of securities with an agreement to resell them at a higher price at a specific future date. This is essentially just a loan of the security at a specific rate and also called reverse repurchase agreement. So repo and reverse repo are exactly the same kind of transaction, just described from opposite viewpoints. The reverse repo is the complete opposite of a repo. In this case, a dealer buys government securities from an investor and then sells them back at a later date for a higher price. The difference between repo and reverse repo is reverse repo is a term used to describe the opposite side of a repo transaction. The party who sells and later repurchases a security is said to perform a repo. The other party who purchases and later resells the securityand it can be said to perform a reverse repo. The term reverse repo and sale is commonly used to describe the creation of a short position in a debt instrument where the buyer in the repo transaction immediately sells the security provided by the seller on the open market. Reverse repo will make an arrangement where a dealer or broker agrees to buy a security and sell it to a customer which is the investor at a higher price on a specified date. These agreements are in effect loans from dealers to investors, collateralized by the securities bought. On the settlement date of the repo, the buyer acquires the relevant security on the open market and delivers it to the seller. In such a short transaction the seller is wagering that the relevant security will decline in value between the date of the repo and the settlement date. Reverse repurchase agreement is the purchase of securities with the agreement to sell them at a higher price at a speci fic future date. For the party selling the security which is agreeing to repurchase it in the future, then it is a repo. For the party on the other end of the transaction which is buying the security and agreeing to sell in the future, then it is a reverse repurchase agreement. Uses For the buyer, a repo is an opportunity to invest cash for a customized period of time or other investments typically limit tenures. It is short-term and safer as a secured investment since the investor receives collateral. Market liquidity for repos is good, and rates are competitive for investors. For traders in trading firms, repos are used to finance long positions, obtain access to cheaper funding costs of other speculative investments, and cover short positions in securities. In addition to using repo as a funding vehicle, repo traders make markets. These traders have been traditionally known as matched-book repo traders. The concept of a matched-book trade follows closely to that of a broker who takes both sides of an active trade, essentially having no market risk, only credit risk. Elementary matched-book traders engage in both the repo and a reverse repo within a short period of time, capturing the profits from the bid or ask spread between the reverse repo and repo rates. Presently, matched-book repo traders employ other profit strategies, such as non-matched maturities, collateral swaps, and liquidity management. Risks While classic repos are generally credit-risk mitigated instruments, there are residual credit risks. Though it is essentially a collateralized transaction, the seller may fail to repurchase the securities sold at the maturity date. In other words, the repo seller defaults on his obligation. Consequently, the buyer may keep the security, and liquidate the security in order to recover the cash lent. The security, however, may have lost value since the outset of the transaction as the security is subject to market movements. To mitigate this risk, repos often are over collateralized as well as being subject to daily mark-to-market margining. Credit risk associated with repo is subject to many factors. There is term of repo, liquidity of security, the strength of the counterparties involved. Repo transactions came into focus within the financial press due to the technicalities of settlements. Occasionally, a party involved in a repo transaction may not have a specific bond at th e end of the repo contract. This may cause a string of failures from one party to the next, for as long as different parties have transacted for the same underlying instrument. The focus of the media attention centres on attempts to mitigate these failures. There are some potential pitfalls and risks. One of the risks is interest rate risk. Interest rates and bond prices carry an inverse relationship which is as interest rates fall, the price of bonds trading in the marketplace generally rises. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the price of bonds tends fall. This happens because when interest rates are on the decline, investors try to capture or lock in the highest rates they can for as long as they can. To do this, they will scoop up existing bonds that pay a higher rate of interest than the prevailing market rate. This increase in demand translates into an increase in bond price. On the flip side, if the prevailing interest rate were on the rise, investors would naturall y jettison bonds that pay lower rates of interest. Then, it will have other risk which is the reinvestment risk. Another risk that bond investors face is reinvestment risk, which is the risk of having to reinvest proceeds at a lower rate than the rate the funds were previously earning. One of the main ways this risk presents itself is when interest rates fall over time and callable bonds are exercised by the issuers. The callable feature allows the issuer to redeem the bond prior to maturity. As a result, the bondholder receives the principal payment, which is often at a slight premium to the par value. However, the downside to a bond call is that the investor is then left with a pile of cash that he or she may not be able to reinvest at a comparable rate. This reinvestment risk can have a major adverse impact on an individuals investment returns over time. In order to compensate for this risk, investors receive a higher yield on the bond than they would on a similar bond that isnt callable. Active bond investors can attempt to mitigate reinvestment risk in their portfolios by staggering the potential call dates of their differing bonds. This limits the chance that many bonds will be called at once. Besides that, inflation risk is also one of the risks that may happen. When an investor buys a bond, he or she essentially commits to receiving a rate of return, either fixed or variable, for the duration of the bond or at least as long as it is held. But what happens if the cost of living and inflation increase dramatically, and at a faster rate than income investment? When that happens, investors will see their purchasing power erode and may actually achieve a negative rate of return. For an example, suppose that an investor earns a rate of return of 3% on a bond. If inflation grows to 4% after the purchase of the bond, the investors true rate of return is -1% and this is because of the decrease in purchasing power. Next, credit or default risk als o has to consider by the investor or buyers. Investors must consider the possibility of default and factor this risk into their investment decision. As one means of analyzing the possibility of default, some analysts and investors will determine a companys coverage ratio before initiating an investment. They will analyze the corporations income statement and cash flow statement, determine its operating income and cash flow, and then weigh that against its debt service expense. The theory is the greater the coverage or operating income and cash flow in proportion to the debt service expenses, the safer the investment. At last, liquidity risk is also one of the risks. While there is almost always a ready market for government bonds, corporate bonds are sometimes entirely different animals. There is a risk that an investor might not be able to sell his or her corporate bonds quickly due to a thin market with few buyers and sellers for the bond. Low interest in a particular bon d issue can lead to substantial price volatility and possibly have an adverse impact on a bondholders total return (upon sale). Much like stocks that trade in a thin market, you may be forced to take a much lower price than expected to sell your position in the bond. Sell/buy backs and buy/sell backs A sell/buy back is the spot sale and a forward repurchase of a security. It is two distinct outright cash market trades, one for forward settlement. The forward price is set relative to the spot price to yield a market rate of return. The basic motivation of sell/buy backs is generally the same as for a classic repo that attempting to benefit from the lower financing rates generally available for collateralized as opposed to non-secured borrowing. The economics of the transaction are also similar with the interest on the cash borrowed through the sell/buy back being implicit in the difference between the sale price and the purchase price. There are a number of differences between the two structures. A repo is technically a single transaction whereas a sell/buy back is a pair of transactions between a sell and a buy. A sell/buy back does not require any special legal documentation while a repo generally requires a master agreement to be in place between the buyer and seller. For this reason there is an associated increase in risk compared to repo. Should the counterparty default, the lack of agreement may lessen legal standing in retrieving collateral. Any coupon payment on the underlying security during the life of the sell/buy back will generally be passed back to the seller of the security by adjusting the cash paid at the termination of the sell/buy back. In a repo, the coupon will be passed on immediately to the seller of the security. A buy/sell back is the equivalent of a reverse repo. Short-Selling The selling of a security that the seller does not own, or any sale that is completed by the delivery of a security borrowed by the seller. Short sellers assume that they will be able to buy the stock at a lower amount than the price at which they sold short. Selling short is the opposite of going long. That is, short sellers make money if the stock goes down in price. In finance, short selling is also known as shorting or going short where there is the practice of selling assets, usually securities, that have been borrowed from a third party and it is usually a broker with the intention of buying identical assets back at a later date to return to the lender. As an investor, you might at some point decide that a certain stock is overvalued and is due for a fall in stock price. In such a case, an investor can sell short a stock. The investor arranges to have the broker borrow the stock from another investor, and then the stock is sold. The broker holds the cash from the sale as c ollateral. If the stock goes down, then you, as the investor that is selling short, can buy back the stocks at the lower price and keep the difference as profit. Therefore, you receive the cash collateral, less the cost of the repurchased stock. Regulated short selling of Malaysian Government Securities (MGS) was initially allowed for Principal Dealers (PD) as to facilitate a more efficient execution of their market making responsibilities. Since November 2005, Regulated Short Selling has been extended to other interbank participants and universal brokers to increase domestic bond market liquidity, accelerate price corrections in overvalued securities, facilitate hedging of interest rate risk and promote activity in the repo as well as the securities borrowing and lending (SBL) market. Bonds like any other security, experience market fluctuations and it is possible to short sell a bond. Short selling is a way to profit from a declining security such as a stock or a bond by sel ling it without owning it. Investors expecting a bear market will often enter a short position by selling a borrowed security at the current market price in the hope of buying it back at a lower price at which time he or she would return it to the original owner. Short sellers in the stock market are usually concerned with their expectations of a companys future earnings and it is the main factor determining stock price, whereas short sellers of bonds are most concerned with future bond yields, the determining factor of bond prices. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the price of the assets between the sale and the repurchase, as the seller will pay less to buy the assets than the seller received on selling them. Anticipating bond prices requires careful attention to interest rate fluctuations. The short seller will incur a loss if the price of the assets rises. Essentially, as interest rates jump, bond prices tend to fall. Therefore, a person anticipating inte rest rate hikes might look to make a short sale. Selling short can be a great strategy for making money in a market that is sluggish or declining. All Authorised Interbank Institutions (AII) which include commercial banks, merchant banks and discount houses licensed under Banking and Financial Institution Act 1989 and universal brokers as approved by the Securities Commission can undertake short selling transactions. All short selling transactions must be a sellers own proprietary position, and not for third-parties. Eligible securities allowed in a regulated short selling transaction are specific issues of MGS with an outstanding nominal amount of at least RM2.0 billion and remaining tenure to maturity of 10.5 years or less, at the time when the short selling position is created. Each participants short position should also not exceed 10% of the outstanding nominal amount of each eligible security issue. Only covered short selling is allowed whereby the short sold securities must be covered via repo or securities borrowing. With the exception of intraday transactions, naked short selling of eligible securities is not yet allowed in order to minimise market volatility and excessive speculative activities. All short sales of MGS are reported in Bond Information and Dissemination System (BIDS) and distinguished from normal sales via a Short Sale indicator checkbox. Principal Dealers also regularly disclose outstanding short sale positions by maturity buckets to Bank Negara Malaysia on a weekly basis. With the inception of ISCAP, market participant now can borrow securities via repo or SBL transaction with Bank Negara Malaysia to cover their short position and manage settlement risks effectively. In order to ensure reasonable access to repo and SBL as short-covering mechanisms, participants must execute the Global Master Repurchase Agreement (GMRA) or the Securities Borrowing and Lending agreement with at least two other market participants excluding Ban k Negara Malaysia. The real risk here for a short seller is a possible upside gap that he or she will not be able to react to until after a significant loss has been incurred. Long purchasers have this same risk, only in the opposite direction, with downside gaps. Because of the risk of upside gaps, it is crucial that a short seller do his or her homework before short selling any stock. No amount of due diligence research can guarantee an upside gap will not occur against the short seller, but at least it will make him or her aware of all upcoming known events that may cause such an occurrence and can therefore aid in decision making. If practiced properly, short selling is no more risky than long stock purchases. More research is likely still needed, but one day researchers may conclude what many already believe: short selling is a much needed, effective method of regulating the markets. If more people were educated on short selling, there would be less fear surrounding it, w hich in turn could lead to a more balanced market over the long term. Switch Auction Malaysian Government Securities (MGS) switch auction involves the Government buying back or redeeming certain predetermined MGS which is repurchase bond that tend to be illiquid and to replace them with more liquid benchmark MGS which is replacement bond. The main objective of the switch auction is to enable the Government to consistently issue new MGS in all market conditions, including periods of fiscal balances or surpluses. It also provides more flexibility to the Government to manage its liability through the re-profiling of debt. At the same time, switch auctions could also be used to cater investors demand for securities of certain duration. Repo auctions are conducted by Bank Negara Malaysia to complement clean money market borrowing, as repo rates are generally traded lower by 2 to 3 basis points compared to an unsecured or clean borrowing over the comparable maturity term. On occasion, Bank Negara Malaysia will also provide liquidity under its standing facility usin g standard repos, typically bilaterally with market participants that experience liquidity shortages at the end of the day. Participation in a switch auction is voluntary. A switch auction will be announced in advance, at least one week prior to the actual issuance date. Replacement bonds only consist of existing re-opened stocks, as new issues are unlikely to be issued via this mechanism. The list of off-the-run securities that market participants may offer as repurchase bonds as well as the yields of the replacement bond will be announced to the market prior to tender closing. Interested bidders are then required to submit their respective offer amounts of the repurchase bonds as well as their respective yield valuations via Fully Automated System for Issuing/Tendering (FAST). Submitted offers would be compared against the Central Banks internally constructed fair-valuation yield curve, which then determines the level and amount of offered bonds that are successful. The swit ch auction follows a variable-rate multiple-price relative-value auction format. The switch auction could either be conducted using the duration-neutral, cash proceeds neutral or matched nominal amount method. Currently, under the duration-neutral method, the amount of replacement MGS issued and allocated to successful offers would be rounded to the nearest RM5 million which is the standard lot for MGS trading. Due to the rounding process, any remaining difference between the total proceeds of the repurchase securities and replacement securities in the switch will need to be paid either by the bidders or the Government. The aims of the MGS switch auction The aims of the MGS switch auction are to create more liquidity in the bond market by increasing the issuance of benchmark MGS and reducing the outstanding amount of off-the- run MGS. Then, other objective is enable the Government to restructure its debt profile, smoothen interest payment and debt repayment as well as managing its borrowing costs more effectively. Lastly, it also Enable the Government to continue issuing benchmark MGS while managing its debt level during periods of reduced governments financing needs. Methods of MGS Switch Auction The MGS switch auction may be conducted on the basis of nominal neutral, duration-neutral or cash flow-neutral methods. Nominal-neutral The nominal amount of replacement bond provided will be equal to the nominal amount of repurchase bonds. Conversion ratio is 1. Duration-neutral Market participants will receive an amount of replacement bond that will leave the effective duration approximation of their holdings unchanged. The nominal amount of the replacement bond will typically be rounded to the nearest amount in line with the standard lot of MGS in the secondary market. Due to the rounding practice, effective duration approximation may not be precisely matched. BNM may choose not to round the replacement bond in order to match duration more precisely in certain tenders. BNM will announce in FAST, fourteen calendar days prior to the switch date in the event BNM chooses not to round the replacement bond. Conversion ratio is calculated in accordance to the following: [(Price repurchase 1bp) (Price repurchase + 1bp)] (Price replacement) [(Price replacement 1bp) (Price replacement + 1bp)] (Price repurchase) Where: Price repurchase 1bp: Price of repurchase bond when yield decreased by 1 bp Price repurchase + 1bp: Price of repurchase bond when yield increased by 1 bp Price replacement 1bp: Price of replacement bond when yield decreased by 1 bp Price replacement + 1bp: Price of replacement bond when yield increased by 1bp Cash flow-Neutral The value of replacement bond will be as close as possible to the value of the repurchase bonds in order to minimise the net cash settlement. Conversion ratio is calculated in accordance to the following: (Dirty price of repurchase bond) (Dirty price of replacement bond) Details on the MGS Switch Auction In all the MGS switch auction methods, participants may submit their tenders for the repurchase bonds in odd lot amounts, subject to RENTAS minimum denomination. Nominal allotment of replacement bonds will be rounded to the nearest amount corresponding to RENTAS minimum denomination except in the case of duration-neutral method which may be rounded to the nearest amount corresponding to the MGS standard trading lot in secondary market. Net cash proceeds will be calculated based on the difference between the bond values of repurchase and replacement bonds. If the value of the repurchase bonds exceeds that of the replacement bonds, BNM will pay net cash proceeds to the participants. If the value of the replacement bonds exceeds that of the repurchase bonds, participants will pay net cash proceeds to BNM. Auction Type The auction basis will be conducted on competitive multiple-price auction basis. Tender should be submitted in yields, up to three decimal places. However, BNM may conduct bilateral switches under certain circumstances. The transaction will be announced in FAST upon the conclusion of such switches. BNM may also conduct non-competitive MGS switch auction upon terms and conditions to be specified by BNM. Participation in the MGS Switch Auction The switch auction on FAST is only open to Principal Dealers (PDs). Non-PDs wishing to participate must submit their offers through their designated PDs. Participation are voluntary to all participants. However, PDs are strongly encouraged to participate in all MGS switch auctions. Maximum allotment limit is not applicable in MGS switch auctions. However, BNM may impose a maximum allotment limit when it is deemed necessary. Participants shall have legal and beneficial ownership of repurchase bonds offered in any MGS switch auction. Participants shall also ensure that the repurchase bonds offered are free and clear of all charges, claims, encumbrances, security interests or any other form of restriction. BNM may also participate in any MGS switch auction and will offer repurchase bonds at the weighted average yields of the successful offers for any particular repurchase bond. Selection of the Repurchase Bonds The repurchase bond selected by BNM will not consist of MGS that have been issued, reopened or exchanged via MGS switch auction in the 6 months prior to the MGS switch date unless announced by BNM in FAST(Fully Automated System for Issuing/Tendering). Eligible repurchase bonds for switch auction will be announced by referring to either a specific stock code or maturity basket. In the case of maturity basket, a negative list may apply. Selection of the Replacement Bonds The replacement bond will only consist of benchmark MGS that have been issued. The replacement bond issued under a MGS switch auction shall be considered as a reopening of a benchmark MGS. isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-85978739038380028122019-12-18T21:07:00.001-08:002019-12-18T21:07:02.631-08:00How Teachers Integrate Psychological Concepts into the... An elementary teacher establishes a studentââ¬â¢s educational foundation through leadership and commitment, and in order to do so effectively, time and patience is a necessity. First, a teacher must engage in the studentsââ¬â¢ learning by inviting them to share their thoughts, opinions, and ideas, while actively listening and providing feedback. Furthermore, peer interaction should be encouraged to supplement the course material. Finally, teachers should explain concepts thoroughly and cater to each childââ¬â¢s learning style, while encouraging the students to envision new ideas and think ââ¬Å"outside the box.â⬠After completing the subject matter, performance should be evaluated to determine concept mastery and evaluate teaching methods. Psychology thenâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Further, this can be better understood by B.F. Skinners Operant conditioning study. The key element in Skinners research was Reinforcement. Reinforcement strengthens a desired respons e, and negative reinforcement is involves taking away privileges with undesired behavior. Operant Conditioning is widely applied within teaching for classroom management. In most cases behavioral problems can be linked to emotional problems (Culatta). If something is going on in the childââ¬â¢s home, the only way he or she knows how to retaliate might be to model extreme behavior. The child gets aggressive because he feels threatened by others. The only thing the child wants is to be understood and to feel like someone accepts him or her for whom they are. Additionally, as a teacher, one should talk one-on-one with the student to seek understanding and try to explain to the student that his or her behavioral issues have got to stop in order to avoid punishment Further, a teacher is faced with many obstacles and hardships, one being, the student having emotional problems. It often helps for the teacher to show love and compassion. The emotional problem could stem from the childà ¢â¬â¢s home-life, which could include various forms of abuse (sexual, physical, and emotional). Being able to detect signs of distress can help guide the student to possible outsideShow MoreRelatedJohn Dewey s The Declaration Of Education919 Words à |à 4 Pagesformulate its own purposes, can organize its own means and resources, and thus shape itself with definiteness and economy in the direction in which it wishes to move (Dewey 8). 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It is interesting to look into the reasons why teachers have adopted some of the strategies theyRead MoreChildren Should Learn Through Experimentation921 Words à |à 4 Pages does not resemble reflections which handles Vygotsky. This aspect introduces us to another important divergence point between the two researchers: Language. For Piaget the language must be taken to court and accused of major damage, because the teachers use and abuse of the language in education. While Vygotsky is of very importance, since it is the conduit through which pass the cultural products. In addition, it is the instrument for establishing the symbolic exchange. Piaget sees the verbalismRead MoreEssay on Personality and the ESL Student128 6 Words à |à 6 PagesHow can an extroverted or introverted personality in ELL and ESL students affect behavior, learning process and classroom environment? Extroversion versus Introversion the terms originated from psychologist Carl Jungs theory of personality. 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This inspires students and accelerates studentsRead MoreA Justification For Implementation Of The Program1653 Words à |à 7 Pages(McGrath Noble, 2003). The program is beneficial to all year levels, being based on research and sound psychological and educational theory it is beneficial to be taught from year 1 to year 8. The implementation of the program can protect students against future difficulties they may experience, it also incorporates practical classroom-friendly activities and strategies in which teachers can integrate with the national curriculum content and o utcomes across all key learning areas to enhance student learningRead MoreCONCEPT NOTE ON SUPPORT FOR STREET CHILDREN IN KABUL1200 Words à |à 5 PagesCONCEPT NOTE ON SUPPORT FOR STREET CHILDREN IN KABUL Background Justification The legacy of decades of war in Afghanistan led to a nationwide breakdown of social and economic structures. Poverty is the main determinant of child labour, many families consider not having other choice but to put their children to work. The United Nations Childrenââ¬â¢s Fund estimates that 31% of 5-14 years old are engaged in child labour and the net enrollement rate of primary school is just above 50% . Street workRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences And The Implications That It Has For Teachers1462 Words à |à 6 Pageshas for teachers By Arlet Vega Guerra NSU ID 01623158 EDU 502 CRN 24704 Psychological Foundations of Education Dr. EM Rentas Nova Southeastern University March 24, 2017 The theory of multiple intelligences which has been a significant and remarkable contribution for many educators and researchers that were studying the reasons and element necessaries to the teaching of specific intelligences was elaborated by Howard Gardner a Harvard Psychologist using many science concepts to explain isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-2671852918013679072019-12-10T17:49:00.001-08:002019-12-10T17:49:04.252-08:00Information System Project Management for Pathways - myassignmenthelp Question: Discuss about theInformation System Project Management for Pathways. Answer: Self-reflection is the ability in which human beings are able to exercise introspection and learn from their experiences. Self-reflection is when an individual is able to remember the experiences in which they had in a particular scenario or at a particular time so that they may know what was successful and learn from their failures to avoid falling into them again. Personal learning is when an individual is able to learn from an experience they have undergone personally (Cleland Gareis, 2006). Self-reflection is associated with personal learning in that when a person reflects on an experience they have undergone they will be able to learn their strength and weaknesses which will enable them to improve on them. When an individual reflects on their experiences they get a chance to evaluate themselves with a purpose of making themselves better. The most interesting aspect of this course was understanding how technology has the potential to impact various fields. Technology has been used to automate very many tasks which were initially carried out by people. Technology has made it possible for redundant work to be performed by machines at a lower cost compared to what was initially utilized (Dinsmore et al., 2005). The power and potential in which technology has is very remarkable and it can help in doing a lot of amazing things in the world. As I engaged in the content this semester I always believed that I would be able to learn something that would benefit me in my life. I have always envisioned myself as a change agent and problem solver which led me to grow my passion in technology (Cattani, Ferriani, Frederiksen Florian, 2011). I used to think that the technology field wound be easy to grasp since I am a smart guy but I soon came to learn that nothing good comes easy in this world. The amount of content which I had to cover in the semester would keep me up for nights on end. I was able to pick up several skills which enabled me to be successful. I had to use my time wisely. As student we always think that we have a lot of time in the world. However this is not the case the time we have to learn is very limited so we have to utilize our time wisely (Harrison Lock, 2004). I had to cut down the time I spent on extracurricular activities and channel that time towards reading. I was also able to become a problem solver. I have been equipped with the necessary knowledge to become a problem solver which has made my personal thinking improve and I take initiative in solving the problems. The section of the semester I enjoyed most was being part of a problem solving process by undertaking a real life problem. This was because I was able to utilize the skills and strategies I had been taught into real world situations. During the semester I was taught on various problem solving skills such as the use of design thinking. I was also able to learn on the various software development life cycle methodologies which can be used to manage a project so that the end result is of good quality and is delivered on time and on budget (Lock, 2007). I was able to identify a problem in which students faced while they submitted their assignments. I came up with a solution which would be able to timestamp assignments and would give both the lecturer and the student a confirmation that the assignment was sent from the student and delivered to the lecturer. This would avoid the confusion that usually cost students to get penalized and attain low grades. I encountered a few surprises durin g the time in which I was developing the solution to the problem I had identified. The initial vision or end result of the solution was very different from the actual solution I was able to build. I thought that I would come up with a full platform from scratch to solve the problem I had identified. I however came up with a solution that leveraged on technologies which already existed. All I had to do was integrate them and add some functionality to make them work. Another surprise was that I was able to identify other problems as I undertook the project I was working on. I had started using my critical thinking skills to gain knowledge on problems around me. Information systems are in use around the globe. The course contributed to my understanding of information systems because it gave me a background on how various systems work and the conditions in which information systems can be configured to be best placed and effective in their area of application (Nokes, 2007). I have learnt various aspects about businesses and how they leverage on technology among other resources to ensure that they are able to effectively serve their clients. I have also learnt the applicability of technology in various fields and how management plays a key role in each and every industry to ensure the set mission, vision and goals are achieved (Phillips, 2003). I have also learnt my personal abilities while undertaking this course. I know that I can be very resourceful in the quest to achieve a specific goal. I have also learnt that I am a good researcher and I utilize a creative perspective in solving problems to ensure that the solutions I come up with is very efficient and valuable in its field of use. My fellow students have helped me immensely during the semester. The group team members I was paired with specifically are the ones who enabled me to become fast on my feet and think critically as I faced any obstacle. Their support and continued questioning of my conce pt solution was what led to the success of the project (Stevens, 2002). I would like to urge my team members who are technically immersed in development of various solutions to be more open minded. They should ensure that they are able to create a system that works but the system should have qualities that make it easier for users to utilize. This will ensure that the system actually solves the problem it was built for and it can be used by users with ease. References Cattani G., Ferriani S., Frederiksen L. Florian T. (2011). Project-Based Organizing and Strategy Management, Advances in Strategic Management. Emerald. Cleland D. I. Gareis R. (2006). Global Project Management Handbook. Chapter 1: The evolution of project management. McGraw-Hill Professional. Dinsmore P. C. et al. (2005). The right projects done right! John Wiley and Sons. p.35. Harrison F. L. Lock D. (2004). Advanced project management: a structured approach. Gower Publishing Ltd. p.34 Lock D. (2007). Project Management. Gower Publishing Ltd. Nokes S. (2007). The Definitive Guide to Project Management. Prentice Hall. Phillips J. (2003). PMP Project Management Professional Study Guide. McGraw-Hill Professional. p.354. Stevens M. (2002). Project Management Pathways. Association for Project Management. APM Publishing Limited. isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-6130358887964293952019-12-03T05:32:00.001-08:002019-12-03T05:32:03.096-08:00Organismic Metaphor Essay Sample free essay sample Organismic Metaphor is an old thought that society is in a figure of respects similar to an being. a life system with its cells. metabolic circuits and systems. Let us take illustration of a new departmental shop. Let the shop be an being and its different sections be its variety meats. Initially the section opens with few sections Lashkar-e-Taibas say 2. to get down with [ insouciant apparels subdivision and fast nutrient subdivision ] . Using the construct of unfastened system. the assorted sections continuously interacts with the clients ( the larger system ) . gathers information of the assorted demands and programs for enlargement of its activities. But in the procedure maintains a stable province. by its sections demands by pull offing or optimising staffing degree and goods telling degree. It interacts with unfastened environment or the larger system and maintains it steady. Besides it interacts with its sub-system like staffing degree and decently telling stock degrees. We will write a custom essay sample on Organismic Metaphor Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ( Lamb. 2004 ) Hence in the procedure keeps itself in equilibrium. With proper cognition of demands of the undermentioned twenty-four hours and militias some staff on clasp every bit good as excess stocks are kept at bay. incase of any eventualities ( we can name this Homeostasis ) . Now the Department shop decides to present new apparels of athleticss and seasonal apparels in the fabric section. What happens is batch of gross revenues and pandemonium is produced ( increased information ) . Department shop later divides the insouciant subdivision into seasonal apparels section and athletics apparels subdivision. So the gross revenues are divided among themselves so is the pandemonium. So the there is overall lessening in activity ( negative information ) . Soon a skeletal construction of the section is created. like the back bone being the histories section. As the sections grow. there is connexion that comes approximately. associating different sections. And a construction of the organisation. like the organisational hierarchy. Now different sections use different methodological analysis attract clients. fact nutrient subdivision uses large streamers or exposure to pull clients and apparels subdivision displays apparels with lower monetary values out in the unfastened with bigger monetary value tickets. Whatever the manner used to pull clients the net consequence is increased gross revenues ( equifinality ) . As the organisation grows. different methods of pull offing the organisation comes into being with some of the methods fulfilling some demands of the organisation others some else. But here the demand was of that system that suits all the demands of the organisation ( Contingency Theory ) . The design is selected that better suits the larger organisation as whole but its sub systems like different sections. As the system grows and every bit good as the sections. it was shortly out that some sections were ill. like seasonal fabric subdivision which was merely active in winter. And shortly the determination was taken to shut or unify the sections ( like choice of the fittest in Organizational Ecology ) . In decision it should be stated that even if the choice of fittest is used for make up ones minding the hereafter of the sections of the organisation but the ââ¬ËSeasonal Clothââ¬â¢ subdivision is decided non to shut since it did highest footstep in the organisation ( Population ecology ) . which added to the regard of the organisation. It was decided to alter the selling attack towards the section to convey about alteration. Mentions: Lamb. D ; ( 2004 ) ;Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata ;Wellington: National Book Trust isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-91508881569291610922019-11-27T11:26:00.001-08:002019-11-27T11:26:03.527-08:00finding freedom essaysfinding freedom essays In both Frederick Douglass The Battle with Mr. Covey and in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character finds a force more powerful then he. Not only do they experience physical abuse, they also find themselves mentally beaten. To save themselves, both characters flee in search of freedom. In The Battle with Mr. Covey Douglass portrays a slave struggling for his life. One afternoon, the slaves strength failed him. Despite many attempts at getting up, he couldnt find his feet. Although trying to explain to Mr. Covey what was wrong, Covey gave him a savage kicking the side. He then picked up a hickory slab and hit him over the head. As his physical wounds progressively got worse, he was beginning to be mentally scarred as well. Despite a near death experience, Covey just left him to his fate. This was when Covey realized he had to go to his master. He proceeded to walk seven miles through the woods, making his physical stature even worse. This being his attempt at freedom however, he had to bear the pain. Despite the savage look of Douglass, master Thomas seemed to believe Covey would never hurt him. In his seven miles of walking with unbearable pain, he only received one night away from Covey. Upon the return to Covey, he felt it was time for rebellion. He then made a desperate attempt at freedom by seizing Mr. Covey hard by the throat. He later says that that battle was the turning point for his career as a slave. By showing how the slave found freedom, he truly showed how a slave was made a man. In Mark Twains The adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck Finn, a boy struggling mentally and physically, finds himself in search of freedom as Douglass had. The exert opens with Huck living in a home in which civilization is the primary goal. Although he became educated, Pap sho... isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-19771392108005540372019-11-23T19:00:00.001-08:002019-11-23T19:00:05.376-08:00Overpopulation vs Overconsumption EssaysOverpopulation vs Overconsumption Essays Overpopulation vs Overconsumption Paper Overpopulation vs Overconsumption Paper In the article Brazil: Amazon Deforestation Seen Surging, the author Reuters discusses the cause and effect of deforestation of the South American rainforests. Another article entitled Prevent Corals, Fish and Whales from Ocean Acidification written by the Center for Biological Diversity, approaches a different yet describes similar causes. Articles like these are being posted on the Internet constantly, causing people to question the source and suction Of these problems. In order for the solution to be found, the root of these problems must be brought to light. 1 2] In recent discussions regarding humans affect on the environment, the introverts lies with whether overpopulation or overcompensation is more harm to the environment, culture and the living conditions of future generations. The stakeholders affected by these issues are humans, including the general population (nationally and internationally), the government, and future generations. Societal consensus assumed that overpopulation is the main culprit. People often identify overpopulation with food shortages, farming of marginal lands, and detrimental effects on the environment. Another view highlights overcompensation as the main culprit because it rumps the negative effects of overpopulation. In sum, the question is whether our society should be more concerned about the large population growth occurring in places such as India, or the large amount of consumption in countries such as the U. S. Finding a solution to this issue will be complicated but is vital for those effected. The solution itself poses many questions: Who is responsible for the effects that are caused by overcompensation and overpopulation? Who will to take action and help solve the problem? How do we going to prevent further detriment to the earth and humanity? Overcompensation: Overcompensation has a detrimental affect on the environment, and our culture and our economy forces this issue into light. Those that believe that this is the main cause to these issues pose a good argument; their main point is that a small fraction of the worlds population consumes the majority of the resources being produced. While it may seem like overpopulation is the issue at hand, this view shows that this may not be true, by stating different facts and beliefs that shows otherwise. In a response to this controversy, a teacher in the SHiPS Teachers Network ousted a case study in which he or argues that overcompensation has more affect on humanity. The author makes it clear that he or she is biased, but gives facts that prove overcompensation is to blame. The teacher proves his or her point by stating some facts may be misconstrued. One author recently conveyed the alarming disparity in birth rates: in three generations, a German woman would have 6 descendants, in the U. S. , 14, and in Africa, 258. The implication, of course, was that by the middle of the next century, Africans would be depleting resources 18 times more quickly and damaging the environment 18 times more severely than people in industrialized nations. [5] This data leads one to believe that the main cause for the damage is overpopulation. But the author retorts with a strong argument to further his or her point. Who most affects the environment? According to one estimate, a person in the U. S. Has 50 times more adverse impact than someone in Bangladesh. An American, on the average, consumes 50 times as much steel and 300 times as much plastic as someone in India. When one examines consumption rather than just population, the environmental problem Of scarcity looks very different. The author then compares consumption to the campers familiar backcountry ethics saying, leave a campsite as you found it, his or her point is that people that consume more than they produce are doing something wrong. After reading this teachers response, one could easily come to the conclusion that overcompensation is to blame. 5] After further research, an equation was found that could calculate the impact on humanity by taking into account three simple variables. The following can sum up the equation. Impact is equal to population multiplied y affluence (per capita consumption) multiplied by the technology used to produce goods (energy, waste). Paul Earlier created this equation, his point being that per capita consumption and technology are just as sign ificant as the number of people when it comes to the impact on humanity. With this idea, it is easy to see how all three variables play an equal part in this issue. Overpopulation: While overcompensation seems to pose the greatest and most immediate threat, overpopulation is not to be ignored or taken lightly. In the world today, We kick at places like India and China and cringe when We hear the Vast mounts of people that live there. With an exponential growth rate, and reports of overcrowding in places all over the world, it is understandable that overpopulation is on the minds of the general population. While those who believe overpopulation is to blame, they understand that both issues pose a problem to the world today. Regardless of which has a bigger affect on earths resources, they accept the fact that most of the earths resources are being consumed by the few. The main argument that they make is that overcompensation is a huge problem, and overpopulation amplifies the impact that it has. In the article Where Should We Focus, author Michael Hander delves into the controversy of overcompensation versus overpopulation. In this article, Hander first approaches the argument by stating a common goal of both parties. He focuses on the idea that because of our current rate of consumption, and the fast growth rate of the population, humanity cannot be sustained. By comparing the consumption of large economic nations, and those of third world countries, Hander contrasts the lifestyles of the average American with that of one from a developing country. On the other hand, cost third world consumption levels are between 0. 5 and 5 percent of ours. This vast difference is not because these people recycle, use little plastic or dont drive a turbo-charged car O it IS because they have no car, no central heat, no refrigerator, and maybe no house at all! He then explains that Americans should not think of themselves as selfish as long as they consume at a reasonable rate. He goes on to state that Americans not only believe that they are morally right in consuming a reasonable amount, but they desire this level of consumption. Hander states, It is this lack of the most basic items, teems which most of us bel ieve every human should be able to have, which make up most of the consumption difference between the haves and the have onto We need to allow all of the worlds citizens a reasonable lifestyle while at the same time heading toward sustainability. Hander furthers his point by saying that overpopulation is more important in the long run. Keeping his previous ideas in mind, he makes the statement that overpopulation occurs at a lower point with a higher standard of living. This makes sense because the third world countries will be consuming these items Americans consider basic once they develop further, raising the overall consumption of the world. In order for this to be achieved, population needs to be lowered. In the mind of Hander overpopulation control is not just as important to sustaining the earth, but more important. 13] Common Ground: While all views on this topic understand that both arguments have importance, they each seem to find their own views of higher importance. But while they lack this ability to agree on who causes the most problems, they both take responsibility for the effects that they have on humanity and everything that is concerned. In order to make it easier, breaking up the effects of these two issues is essential. The effects on culture and the environment are the same, regardless of the cause, and will be covered thoroughly. To start, the most obvious effect of these two issues is displayed in the environment. As the population continues to grow, and consumption in 3rd world countries rises, we will eventually run out of room and supplies to sustain the general population. While this is a long-term affect that is unlikely to ever have a solution, there are short-term affects that inhibit our ability as unmans to enjoy living on this beautiful earth. As discussed in the introduction, deforestation and the decreasing numbers in fish, whales, and coral are examples of extreme effects on the environment. According to Amy Hardwood in the article Overpopulation and Extinction we are currently in Earths sixth mass extinction. In her article she estimates that 30,000 species are going extinct every year. Hardwood effectively shows a direct relationship between population increase, and extinction rate. She observes that this is the first of the 6 mass extinctions on earth to be caused by one species, and to planetary or galactic processes. With obvious examples displayed before us everyday, it would be ignorant to not acknowledge the detrimental effects that overpopulation and consumption are having on the environment. 7] Interestingly, overcompensation and overpopulation affect the way we live and have far reaching cultural effects. Because we see the harm that we are causing, we find it essential to do something in order to prevent this. This may be using less energy, recycling, buying less materialistic items, etc. A much deeper effects can be related directly to these issues. In an ar ticle Ritter by Knap Shah called Creating the Consumer, Shah expands the idea that consumption in America hasnt always been so abundant. To support this claim, the author highlights the mindset of Americans as early settlers or Europeans. He describes how living conservatively used to be the norm, and only the wealthy were able to live lavishly and spend excess amounts on comfort. This mindset was maintained by religion and social pressure because spending lavishly was frowned upon and considered wasteful. [2] In a Survey conducted by Hander, only 21 percent said they would be willing o do without a car and only 13 percent would forgo their Quarter-bounders with cheese. 13] then read, Overcompensation wont Save America by David Scrota. The description of an American that Scrota gave was that of a selfish and ignorant person. He describes the American mindset with the phrase shop till you drop, and mentions that it is a vital flaw in most Americans. The most recent holiday binge exemplified the impending crisis. Despite persistent unemployment, flat wages and higher prices for necessities (food, healthcare, etc. ), Ame rica nonetheless went on its usual post-Thanksgiving buying spree. This frustrated me, while at the same time motivating me to find a way to learn from his words. [1 0] When considering possible solutions, it is important to take all sides into account. While this may not seem possible due to the vast differences in opinions, it may be feasible. With this in mind it is key to look past the arguments posed by each side, and use the middle ground to find a solution. The question that needs an answer isnt which poses a greater threat to the world, the people who live here, and the people who will live here. But, it is how humans can work together to formulate a method to slow the institution of this earths resources and space. In order for this to be accomplished, it is key that both sides understand the importance of the opposing view. By reading through many articles and papers written from both point of views, it should be easier to formulate a plan. As they both have proven to be threats to the world, so too should the solution incorporate both problems. Overcompensation is the short-term problem of the two, and as such this problem should be solved first. There is no easy way to prevent higher output countries like America from consuming more than their fair share. But cause these places with higher consumption are shown to have a higher gap, we can infer that they also have a higher standard of education. While this is not true in all circumstances, it is true for America, and we definitely are to blame for consuming way over the average. With world population at 6 billion and rising, the richest 20% of humanity consumes 86% of all goods and services used, while the poorest fifth consumes just 1. 3%. [4] With this in mind, preventing overcompensation will have to Start in these higher educated, yet over consuming countries. The idea is to appeal to the nations tit higher education. With proof that material objects dont create happiness, it is important to show that the lower consuming, and lower standards of living may be a more appealing lifestyle. First, we need to recognize that there are more effective and satisfying ways to achi eve fulfillment than by simply buying more stuff. [9] In this article, Toward a Solution author Vicki Robin shows the relationship between the need for money, and unhappiness. She captivates the reader by showing that it is time spent doing what we love with people we love that makes us happy, and not mime spent earning money to buy more and more goods adjust cause stress and complications. Robin proves her point by stating, m{et surveys have shown that our happiness peaked in 1957, when families had smaller houses, 1 car (at most), 1 bathroom and 1 television (black white)and Vicars, personal computers and cordless phones didnt exist. Here lies the solution. This county was brought into debt and want for material needs through social pressure and advertising. By eliminating the idea that money buys happiness, and having more things will satisfy our wants, we should be able o reduce our consumption to reasonable levels. In order to do this the country will have to work as a whole. Children of this generation, while being spoiled and materialistic, seem to have seen the effects that this material wants have had on their parents and their lifestyles. People are saving more, learning to stay out of debt and manage their money more wisely. This is just the start but with a push, a lower and a more realistic standard of living may bloom. When it comes to overpopulation, there is no easy answer to this beast of a problem. Humans reproducing at an exponential rate will eventually use up ND destroy earth, as we know it. This is inevitable. But small changes to our culture and cultures around the world may slow this growth, and increase our time and happiness here. In my opinion the solution to this is simple. It doesnt include limiting the number of children couples can have, or killing those who dont deserve the space they are taking up. In my mind the solution to this is to enjoy our time while we can. This plays largely into the solution given for overcompensation. isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-792409576390129192019-11-21T05:38:00.001-08:002019-11-21T05:38:14.137-08:00Culture differences and similarities between United States and Saudi Research PaperCulture differences and similarities between United States and Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Thus, there are characteristic cultural differences and similarities between the Americans and the Saudis. However, from a general viewpoint, the differences in culture seem to be more than the similarities. Case in point, the Americans belief and role of religion is different from that of the Saudis. In this regard, the Americans do not attach a significant value to religion in their daily lives. On the other hand, religion is the most important thing amongst the Saudis. Effectively, the religion dictates the rhythm of life to the Saudis and its role in the society and the country is significant. Nevertheless, while too many people think that there is nothing common about the cultures between United States and Saudi Arabia, there are similarities and differences between them. Therefore, this expose elucidates these similarities and differences while focusing on the important aspects of attachment to gas, the way people lived in these two societies, the role of women, and the role of the youths in the two societies. Attachment to gas The world cannot seem to get enough of petroleum and its byproducts. In this case, the use of the product varies from its fundamental intended use as fuel to an essential requirement of products such as lipstick. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA](n.d.), Saudi Arabia is the largest net exporter of oil and its products to the world. In this case, this makes the countryââ¬â¢s economy rely, almost entirely, on the export of oil. However, the consumption of gas by Americans rivals no other one in the world. In this regard, Americans consumed 24,088 billion cubic feet of gas in 2010. On the other hand, the Saudis total consumption for the same period was 3,096 billion feet (EIA, n.d.). The United States of America ranked first in the world while the Saudis ranked ninth in the total worldââ¬â¢s gas consumption (EIA, n.d.). Effectively, this makes Americans appear more attached and hooked to gas in compari son to Saudis as evidenced by these statistics. One of the main reasons is that the United States is a wealthy nation that effectively places low taxes on gas. In addition, the combination of a high population and a poor public transport system in the country effectively makes the Americans obsessed with gasoline for their transport. On the other hand, although the cost of gas in Saudi Arabia is cheaper in comparison to the United States of America, the country has a low population. In addition, its public transport system is effective enough to ensure that more people avoided using private means of transport and effectively cut on the requirements of gas for transport. How people live in the American and Saudi society One thing that is common knowledge is that, the Americans have the most open-minded society over the world. For this reason, America is known as the free world. On the other hand, Saudis appear to live in a close-minded society and effectively try as much as possible to avoid the uncertain future. Therefore, the American society embraces diversity and accepts the differences in people while it takes time for the Saudi society to do the same. Case in point, the current president in America is African-American. This effectively underlines the open-minded nature of the American society and ready to embrace others different from them. On the other han isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-30708770132515701092019-11-20T04:05:00.001-08:002019-11-20T04:05:04.912-08:00SOLAR WIND Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsSOLAR WIND - Essay Example This would result in the gas from the corona, in its several million degrees, streaming away from the Sun at a speed much higher than the escape speed. The wind, being a plasma flow of high speed would carry along trapped magnetic fields. The solar wind would create the heliosphere described by Zeilik (265) as a massive bubble existing in the interstellar medium surrounding the Solar System. The heliosphere, at the solar minimum would be dominated by high latitude fast solar wind, but the slow variable wind emanating from all latitudes would dominate at and when approaching the solar. As the solar wind would be flowing away from the Sun to fill the heliosphere, it would interact with solar system bodies, including planets in various complex ways. The nature of interaction would be determined with whether the target has generated magnetic field internally such as the Earth, Mercury and other giant outer plants or not such as the comets, the Moon, Venus and Mars. According to Zeilik (265), the solar wind whips at typically 500 km/s at the orbit of the earth with the speed varying because the wind blows in gusts. The said particles, electrons and protons would take 5 days to travel from the Sun to the Earth. As the earth swims through the resultant solar spray, Matthaeus notes that it would catch some of the particles of the solar wind in its magnetic field leading to the creation of its magnetosphere. The solar windââ¬â¢s plasma, travelling as far as 100 AU, much farther than the orbit of Pluto would carry along with it remnants of the magnetic field of the Sun. It is this transported field that Zeilik (265) attributes to the formation of the magnetic field that exists between planets. This field would interact with comets forming tails, and with planets forming magnetospheres. The cometsââ¬â¢ plasma tails and the aurorae have been noted to point away from the sun. The interaction of the solar winds with the magnetosphere through the temporary isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-89750885335772849102019-11-17T16:36:00.001-08:002019-11-17T16:36:07.817-08:00Dionne Brand Essay Example for Free Dionne Brand Essay Dionne Brandââ¬â¢s use of diction, figurative language, imagery, tone, and a strong narrative voice indicate the issue of being detached from society. Clearly, the narrator is experiencing an identity crisis, in which he/she is being deprived of their identity. The uncertainty in the reading of the photograph reflects the narratorââ¬â¢s lack of self and the ways in which he does not fit in. ââ¬Å"I left like you do with sunstroke. I felt dried out.. â⬠The narratorââ¬â¢s use of figurative language (metaphor) portrays the aspect of lifelessness. ââ¬Å"We look as one face ââ¬â no particular personal aspect, no individual ambition.à All one. â⬠The language and the imagery the narrator uses conveys a general sense, and puts the narrator in the same category as the other faceless individuals. There is no sense of individuality, seeing as how all of the people at Palau Bidong portray the same characteristics. The individuals on the island lack personal drive because they are being used for another purpose which is beyond them. Such aspects reflect those of a refugee camp, evidently residing in Pulau Bidong. ââ¬Å"Was it us or was it the photographer who couldnââ¬â¢t make distinctions among people he didnââ¬â¢t know? Unable to make us human. The refugees are evidently being photographed to serve a social/political purpose. The photographer is unable to distinguish amongst them because they are all the same. The imagery and tone illuminated in the quote also reflects a sense of alienation, and the idea of being estranged from the rest of society. The tone also emphasizes the idea of fearing the unknown. The themes of isolation and disengagement are reinforced throughout the passage. The narrator is unable to reconnect with his/her past and is slowly losing his/her recollection of it. The passage reproduces a life which lacks all meaning and personal ties. isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5951857851527624640.post-41637928601509046462019-11-15T05:08:00.001-08:002019-11-15T05:08:03.753-08:00Pros and Cons of Inclusion Essay -- Education Disabled Children SchoolPros and Cons of Inclusion Inclusion 'mainstreams' physically, mentally, and multiply disabled children into regular classrooms. In the fifties and sixties, disabled children were not allowed in regular classrooms. In 1975 Congress passed the Education of all Handicapped Students Act, now called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA mandates that all children, regardless of disability, had the right to free, appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. Different states have different variations of the law. Some allow special needs students to be in a regular education classroom all day and for every subject, and others allow special education students to be in a regular education classroom for some subjects and in a separate classroom for the rest. There are many different views on inclusive education. In this paper I will address some of the positive and negative views on inclusion and ways to prepare educators for inclusive education. PROS Perhaps the strongest argument for greater inclusion, even full inclusion, comes from its philosophical/moral/ethical base. This country was founded upon the ideals of freedom and equality of opportunity. Though they have not been fully achieved, movement towards their fuller realization continues. Integration activists point to these ideals as valid for those with disabilities, too. Even opponents agree that the philosophical and moral/ethical underpinnings for full inclusion are powerful. (SEDL, 1995) Many agree that inclusion can be a positive experience for special education students, general education students and educators. Inclusive classrooms provide a diverse, stimulating environment for special education students. Vaughn and Klingner, 1995 found that special education students believe that inclusive classrooms provide them with more of an opportunity to make friends (Turnbull et al., 2004, p.70). Special education students who are included in regular education classrooms become part of a much larger learning community and they are able develop more of a positive self view. General education students also benefit from the diversity of an inclusive classroom. Duhaney and Salend, 2000 found that parents of children without disabilities identified benefits for their own children such as greater sensitivity to the needs of other children, more helpfulness in meeti... ...hanging concerns that their staff, parents, and others have as greater inclusion begins to be implemented. By attending to these issues, a more inclusive educational system is possible. (SEDL, 1995) à à à à à à à à Works Cited Douvanis, G. and Hursley, D. (2002). The Least Restrictive Environment Mandate: How Has it Been Defined by the Courts?. Arlington, VA: The Council for Exceptional Children. (ERIC Document No. E629). Doyle, M.B. (2002). The Paraprofessional?s Guide to the Inclusive Classroom. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. Goldstein, S. and Mather, N. (2001). Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviors. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. Lindsay, G. (2003). Inclusive Education: a critical perspective. British Journal of Special à à à à à Education. 30(1). Pappanikou, A.J. and Paul, J. (Eds.). (1997). Mainstreaming Emotionally Disturbed Children. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University. Shank, M., Smith, S., Turnbull, A. & Turnbull, R. (2004). Exceptional Lives Special Shore, K. (1986). The Special Education Handbook. New York, NY: Teachers College Southwest Educational Development Laboratory. (1995). Inclusion: The pros and cons. à à à à à Issues?about Change.4(3). isabelsmith1985http://www.blogger.com/profile/10182794714132504034noreply@blogger.com0